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… Keith McFadden, Zwelakhe Nyanda Both ANC Shot dead by 2 gunmen.   Gaga, Nengeni / Negeni, 19 1965/5/7 Transkei … Soweto Bongani Khumalo Student activist (COSAS) Shot dead by police. 1985 - Vryburg Gasuebe Hubhuli Activist Shot dead. … Pimville Godfrey Thuso Phuso High School pupil Shot dead by passing motorist.   - Thabong, OFS Sello Mofokeng (15), …

… on the continent before it was dissolved and succeeded by the African Union in 2002.  However, the OAU did make a … communities (RECs).  The Abuja Treaty was again adopted by the African Union (AU) , which considered regional … 1: creating new RECs and strengthening existing RECs (by 1999) Stage 2: stabilizing barriers to regional trade (by …

… aftermath. The build-up to the killing of 34 mineworkers by the South African Police was marked by incidents of intimidation and assault. The Lonmin mineworkers strike was viewed by many as the biggest strike that threatened to destabilize …

… MK Sabotage. This photograph was part of a sequence shot by a Rand Daily Mail photographer, two of which were … countries. The latter part of the 1960s witnessed attempts by the African National Congress (ANC) to establish … of attacks on the government from outside the country. By the mid-1960s Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , the military wing …

… engaging with Dadoo and his contemporaries’ legacy, by interrogating impulses of the time that might have been … the needs of the 21st century. Today we are challenged by the imperatives of globalization and the power of the nation-state, by neo-liberalism and the struggle for socialism, …

… the 150 strikers, about 100 decide to continue the strike. By 25 January the company agrees to raise wages by R3, 00 and to reinstate most of the dismissed workers, but … refuse the management’s wage offer. Most return to work by 25 January but 100 are dismissed. 25 January - Workers at …

… deal with mass atrocities – particularly those committed by Germany and Japan - at the international level.  The … came into force through the 1945 London Agreement signed by the major Allied powers (the United States, the United … group.  The Nürnberg Charter was quickly followed by the Tokyo Charter and the trials of Japanese war criminals …

… The 1980s witnessed an increase in attacks launched by the ANC through its armed MK inside South Africa. Conversely, the government responded by stepping up its attacks on neighboring states targeting … apartheid government sought to complement its use force by negotiating with neighboring states for a settlement which …

… By the 1860s, subjugation of African people in the immediate … on the eastern frontier however, although annexed by the colonial authorities, were retained largely as 'tribal … scarcity of labour ... has been to a great extent caused by the last two fruitful seasons, the abundance of food in …

… was established as an effective political force by the early 1970s, and by 1972 it had achieved a success that made the State wary of … experiments with political opposition have been described by Mamphela Ramphele as a trial period, during which they …

… began forming committees at points where vehicles sent by the Department of Social Welfare distributed basic food … (WFC) representing 30 000 women in the Cape Peninsula. By 1945, passive resistance had gained ground and become part … they were fighting against passes.  Despite the efforts by Africans to organise themselves politically, none of the …

… Bookmarked by Dan Cameron in Art Forum as “what may turn out to be the … Routes: History and Geography, the biennale was curated by Nigerian-born, and at that stage New York based, curator Okwui Enwezor, as appointed by Christopher Till, executive director of the Johannesburg …

… was the finest ever held, although it had been preceded by much serious controversy during the year. There were 30 … Opening greetings Beginning with a 'social' entertained by talent of a high order from Vereeniging, Potchefstroom and … branches, the 'real business' was ushered in next morning by a procession with band and banners from the Party …

… often silenced to maintain the financial support provided by the male abuser. The task of providing education and … Girl children in South Africa are not only affected by poverty and abuse in the home, but also by the discrimination they face at school with regard to …

… of the Republic of South Africa , 1996, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in the first non-racial elections and approved by the Constitutional Court (CC) on 4 December 1996. It was signed into law by President Nelson Mandela on 10 December 1996 at …

… "Two hundred thousand subterranean heroes who, by day and by night, for a mere pittance lay down their lives to the … Union Black workers were introduced to trade unionism by the early struggles of white British workers who had begun …

… but for Southern Africa. Firstly, ‘discovery’ of the Cape by European sailors resulted in the increasing use of the … of their cattle when sailors attempted to take them by force. For instance, in 1503 Antonio de Saldanha, a … had set fire to Khoikhoi huts, they were surrounded by a band of Khoikhoi armed with arrows and assegais. The …

… - Analysing the Repression of the Apartheid State edited by Max Coleman The unbanning of the liberation movements on 2 … nearly 7000. The violence of that year was characterised by undisguised high-profile mass attacks by hostel dwellers from their hostel fortresses on township …

… the area was called Korannafontein (Koranna Fountain). By the 1840s white settlers who moved from the Cape began to … Township From the 1880s Korannafontein had a few shops and by 1910 the area had been connected to a telephone line and … who more energetically helped establish the town. [4] By 1917, a member of the Ottosdal Town Committee, J. J. der …

… (or 'Homelands') out of the 'Reserves' carved out by the 1913 Land Act. Between 1960 and 1985, approximately … of repressive laws and further erosion of political rights by the apartheid regime also saw the African National … a consequence of the relatively peaceful approach adopted by the ANC and other liberation organisation's prior to 1959 …

… times, there was cooperation and sympathy strikes carried by black workers in support of grievances raised their white … The strike lasts a week and is violently put down by force killing six white mine workers.      1888 July, Fire … White mine workers go on strike when attempts are made by the employer to lower their wages to level of earned by …

… fans seek the thrills of highly tuned motor cycles tearing by with staccato exhausts in a cloud of dust. But to an older … it will recall the big water pumping plant devised by Mr. H.W. Currie in 1878, and which saved the town from … racing. 1940 Chief Scout Sir Baden Powell was welcomed by Indian scouts and guides at Curries Fountain. 1947 Queen …

… December Truth and Reconciliation  Commission approved by parliament. Local government  elections announced for 1 … in KwaZulu/Natal (26th). Final constitution approved by the constitutional court and signed by president Mandela.   …

… patterns of exclusion. One of the earliest proposals by the VOC of creating a barrier between the Khoikhoi and the … hedge was aimed at protecting Dutch settlers from attacks by the Khoikhoi and preventing their cattle from wandering … chose. That same year the Dutch asserted themselves more by ordering the Khoikhoi to graze their cattle out of sight …

… By 1980, the Black Consciousness organisations were in a … people signing the petition. The campaign was supported by a wide variety of tendencies, including the Soweto … multiplication of struggles against the state, especially by workers, students, civic organisations, churches, the …

… South West Africa (presently Namibia) on 19 April 1960 by Herman Toivo ja Toivo. The party was originally formed to … independence in 1990. The SWA territory was entrusted by the League of Nations to South Africa under an … place, when a unit of the South African Police, supported by South African Air Force, exchanged fire with SWAPO forces. …

… only seven percent of the total landmass to be owned by Africans. Outside of these “reserves,” Africans are no … and the urban African population increases substantially by the later 1930s. Amendments are made during this time to … and White communities. This results in the proposal by the Johannesburg City Council to remove all Africans and …

… Children 27 (As of 2003) HRH Prince Lethukuthula Zulu (by Queen MaDlamini), born 1970.  HRH Princess Sibusile Zulu (by Queen Buhle MaMathe), born 1972.   HRH Prince Dennis Njeru … aviation studies in Florida.   HRH Prince Misuzulu Zulu (by Queen Mantfombi), born 23rd September 1974 in Kwahlabisa, …

… This was spelled out in the Programme of Action adopted by the ANC in 1949. Under this policy the first major action … against the common enemy and was a direct reaction by the liberation movements to the unjust laws passed by the government.  Some Whites also joined the struggle …

… Openining address by Prof. Phillip Bonner:  "Fragmentation and Cohesion In The … the 100th Anniversary of the ANC. It was jointly organised by SAHO and the history departments at the University of … "The Final Prize, My life in the Anti Apartheid Struggle" by Norman Levy and "Alex Hepple South African Socialist" by …