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The armed struggle and state repression of the 1960s
… of combined elements, including the formation of the PAC, growing frustration among black people, the Sharpeville incident and the banning of the ANC and the…
The turn to armed struggle
… the Sharpeville Massacre, the state banned the ANC and PAC in April 1960 under the Unlawful Organisations Act . … to damage public facilities. After the…
BiographyBessie Amelia Head
… in Johannesburg . She joined the Pan-African Congress (PAC) during the Anti-Pass Laws Campaign in 1960, and although …
David Pratt
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan African Congress (PAC) were both banned. The inquiry into the Sharpeville …
BiographySolomon Kalushi Mahlangu
… democratic elections of 1994 and the birth of the new constitution. Human Rights and the Bill of Rights, including … the right of association, are guaranteed…
BiographySir George Grey
… who regarded him highly, and helped to draw up the free constitution granted to New Zealand. When he arrived at the …
ArticleRobert Mangaliso Sobukwe Timeline 1924 - 1978
… banner “Africanist Liberation Congress”. Subsequently, the PAC is launched and Robert Sobukwe is elected as the first … Sobukwe, Potlako Leballo and several…
BiographyDorothy Adams
… working with Albie Sachs researching issues around a new constitution of the post apartheid South Africa. As political …
ArticleSharpeville
… On 19 March 1960, the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) called on Black South Africans to leave their pass books … that the police arrest them for not carrying…
ArticlePoqo in the Western Cape and Transkei in the early 1960s
… The formation of the Pan Africanist Congress’ (PAC) Africanist Task Force (ATF) preceded the formation of … Poqo in February 1960. After its formation in…
ArticleThe Langa March, 30 March 1960
… March 1960, Philip Kgosana led a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) march of between 30.000-50.000 protestors from Langa and … arrested by the police later that…
BiographyPetros Sipho Sibusiso Mkhize (Mkize)
… subsequent banning of the ANC and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), organized resistance had been driven underground. The … was suspended in 1990"); News24, …
Sadecque Variava
… and Saths Cooper; and MDALI in Magaliesburg, run by the PAC-aligned Tshepo Molefe. In March 1973, the expanded group …
EventDate is set for constitutional talks
… for the start of negotiations on South Africa's future constitution. Delegates agreed that the proposed multiparty … arrangements for CODESA. The Pan…
BiographyMichael Guthrie Scott
… attentions on the ANC’s rival, the Pan-African Congress (PAC.) The PAC was an organization Scott found to be both less violent …
BiographyArchbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu
… , the first president of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). The Arch and wife Leah have a laugh before their … Consciousness groups and the Pan Africanist…
ArticleAftermath: Sharpeville Massacre 1960
… the border into Bechuanaland to mobilize support for the PAC. International sympathy lay with the African people, … protest of the massacre, Regional…
BiographyNithianandan ‘Elvis' Ganese Govender
Nithianandan Ganese Govender (Elvis) was born on 1 November 1958 in Esperanza, a village on the south coast of Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal – KZN), on the eastern…
BiographyWilliam Andrew ‘Willie’ Hofmeyr
… which negotiated and amended contentious parts of the new constitution. He would also come to serve the same auditory …
BiographyHumphrey Phakade “Pax” Magwaza
… formed in 1983. Specifically, the UDF opposed the 1983 constitution for a Tricameral Parliament of Whites, Indians …
ArticleCODESA 1 Timeline
… congress will be held in November. 25 September 1991: The PAC and AZAPO agree to join the ANC at the all-party congress … organizations and administrations…
Poqo political trials and the execution of its operatives in the 1960s
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), forcing them to establish underground structures and … underground structures and networks of…
ArticleAfricanist News and Views (1968-1973)
… News and Views, published by the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) of Azania (South Africa), expressed the Pan-Africanist … for liberation. The first…
The genesis of the armed struggle, 1960-1966
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) becoming the first causalities in an era of banishment. Forced underground, the ANC, PAC and…
Chapter 6 - Defining the agenda
… a united South Africa, could draft and adopt a democratic constitution. Delegates committed themselves to convene an … negotiation. Meetings were held…
ArticleNelson Mandela Timeline 1990-1999
… of a 30-year ban on the ANC, the Pan African Congress (PAC), the South African Communist Party (SACP) and other … well as the government (many others…
BiographyAbdool Karrim Essak
… This period coincided with the banning of the ANC and PAC, and the eclipse of the Natal Indian Congress from the …
EventCODESA’s starting date is set
… start of substantive negotiations on South Africa's future constitution through the Convention for a Democratic South … were joined at the talks by the Pan…
EventCODESA’s starting date set
… start of substantive negotiations on South Africa's future constitution, a Convention for a Democratic South Africa … were joined at the talks by the Pan…
BiographyIsmail Jacob Mohamed
… , and met members of the ANC and the Pan African Congress (PAC). At the same time, he gained first hand insight into the …