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ArticleLiberation history Timeline 1960-1969
… The 1960s witnessed the banning of both the ANC and the PAC in the aftermath of the Sharpeville Massacre. In response … underground structures to continue…
BiographySolomon Kalushi Mahlangu
… democratic elections of 1994 and the birth of the new constitution. Human Rights and the Bill of Rights, including … the right of association, are guaranteed…
BiographyBessie Amelia Head
… in Johannesburg . She joined the Pan-African Congress (PAC) during the Anti-Pass Laws Campaign in 1960, and although …
David Pratt
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan African Congress (PAC) were both banned. The inquiry into the Sharpeville …
Increasing repression and the turn to the armed struggle
… away from the ANC and formed the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Anti pass campaign was by the PAC organised in 1960 that ended in bloodshed as police fired ……
The armed struggle and state repression of the 1960s
… of combined elements, including the formation of the PAC, growing frustration among black people, the Sharpeville incident and the banning of the ANC and the…
BiographySir George Grey
… who regarded him highly, and helped to draw up the free constitution granted to New Zealand. When he arrived at the …
The turn to armed struggle
… the Sharpeville Massacre, the state banned the ANC and PAC in April 1960 under the Unlawful Organisations Act . … to damage public facilities. After the…
BiographyDorothy Adams
… working with Albie Sachs researching issues around a new constitution of the post apartheid South Africa. As political …
ArticleRobert Mangaliso Sobukwe Timeline 1924 - 1978
… banner “Africanist Liberation Congress”. Subsequently, the PAC is launched and Robert Sobukwe is elected as the first … Sobukwe, Potlako Leballo and several…
ArticleSharpeville
… On 19 March 1960, the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) called on Black South Africans to leave their pass books … that the police arrest them for not carrying…
ArticlePoqo in the Western Cape and Transkei in the early 1960s
… The formation of the Pan Africanist Congress’ (PAC) Africanist Task Force (ATF) preceded the formation of … Poqo in February 1960. After its formation in…
BiographyNithianandan ‘Elvis' Ganese Govender
Nithianandan Ganese Govender (Elvis) was born on 1 November 1958 in Esperanza, a village on the south coast of Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal – KZN), on the eastern…
ArticleThe Langa March, 30 March 1960
… March 1960, Philip Kgosana led a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) march of between 30.000-50.000 protestors from Langa and … arrested by the police later that…
EventDate is set for constitutional talks
… for the start of negotiations on South Africa's future constitution. Delegates agreed that the proposed multiparty … arrangements for CODESA. The Pan…
BiographyMichael Guthrie Scott
… attentions on the ANC’s rival, the Pan-African Congress (PAC.) The PAC was an organization Scott found to be both less violent …
BiographyArchbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu
… , the first president of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). The Arch and wife Leah have a laugh before their … Consciousness groups and the Pan Africanist…
ArticleAftermath: Sharpeville Massacre 1960
… the border into Bechuanaland to mobilize support for the PAC. International sympathy lay with the African people, … protest of the massacre, Regional…
BiographyIsmail Jacob Mohamed
… , and met members of the ANC and the Pan African Congress (PAC). At the same time, he gained first hand insight into the …
BiographyWilliam Andrew ‘Willie’ Hofmeyr
… which negotiated and amended contentious parts of the new constitution. He would also come to serve the same auditory …
BiographyHumphrey Phakade “Pax” Magwaza
… formed in 1983. Specifically, the UDF opposed the 1983 constitution for a Tricameral Parliament of Whites, Indians …
ArticleCODESA 1 Timeline
… congress will be held in November. 25 September 1991: The PAC and AZAPO agree to join the ANC at the all-party congress … organizations and administrations…
Poqo political trials and the execution of its operatives in the 1960s
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), forcing them to establish underground structures and … underground structures and networks of…
Chapter 6 - Defining the agenda
… a united South Africa, could draft and adopt a democratic constitution. Delegates committed themselves to convene an … negotiation. Meetings were held…
ArticleAfricanist News and Views (1968-1973)
… News and Views, published by the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) of Azania (South Africa), expressed the Pan-Africanist … for liberation. The first…
The genesis of the armed struggle, 1960-1966
… National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) becoming the first causalities in an era of banishment. Forced underground, the ANC, PAC and…
ArticleNelson Mandela Timeline 1990-1999
… of a 30-year ban on the ANC, the Pan African Congress (PAC), the South African Communist Party (SACP) and other … well as the government (many others…
BiographyAbdool Karrim Essak
… This period coincided with the banning of the ANC and PAC, and the eclipse of the Natal Indian Congress from the …
EventCODESA’s starting date is set
… start of substantive negotiations on South Africa's future constitution through the Convention for a Democratic South … were joined at the talks by the Pan…
EventCODESA’s starting date set
… start of substantive negotiations on South Africa's future constitution, a Convention for a Democratic South Africa … were joined at the talks by the Pan…