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… followed from the mid-1870s by entrepreneurs from Gujarat on the west coast of India. Roughly 10,000 to 15,000 of … into `races’.4 Non-indentured Indians were subordinated on the basis of race so that Whites would feel secure against … in the power of trustees, authority remained vested in the hands of a small clique of Memons. A second dispute had even …

… the development of this Union, the government was in the hands of the pro British South Africa Party and United Party, … Angola and Lesotho), SAHO is currently developing material on those African countries that have not been covered. The … and went into the country. If Botha and Malan are clapping hands and saying that we are moving further and further away, …

… July 19, 1940 Dadoo writes to Prof.  D.D.T. Jabavu on Non-Europeans and the War. August 22, 1940. A magistrate … the police station at Market Square, charged and released on his own recognisance.  He goes on trial in the … and hardships experienced by Black prisoners at the hands of the White prison warders.  He does not claim any …

… Therefore, what happens in the 'North' has a huge impact on what happens here. For this section, it is important to … within their territorial boundaries. Human rights, on the other hand, are rights that individuals have from … he was a looter. An eyewitness said that Payne had his hands up when shot. These events were regarded as a turning …

… but government appointed, district councils modelled on the lines of the Glen Grey Act of 1894. The 1936 … the Higher Teachers' Training Course at Adams College on a scholarship and joins the staff upon the successful … more informative. Transvaal Native Mine Clerks Association hands a memorandum to the Mining Industry Board. Industrial …

… ignore this and some slaves even hide in mountain caves on one occasion to avoid going to school. 1685 A separate … a function of the state. This will later have an effect on education at the Cape. 1798 Joseph Lancaster starts his … now the struggle is ours. The ball of liberation is in our hands. The Black student will stand up fearlessly and take …

… documented the building of the Mission house as follows: "On a representation of these circumstances to Siffonello, he … chosen for the new town intended for their settled abode. On their return we were delighted with Mr Hodgson's … of 200l. They lend still more willingly the aid of their hands, especially if the work is managed conjointly, and …

… engravings known as one of the oldest rock art artefacts on the continent were found in Apollo 11, a rock art painting … found and the largest amount of rock art paintings on the continent in the north-western parts of the country. … African army. 18 July The International Court of Justice hands down its verdict on the case brought against SA by …

… On October 25 1991, ninety-two organisations that were united … the transfer of power. Clear guidelines were put forward on the responsibilities of the interim government. That is, … would take in the future, thus excluding immediate hands-on control. The ANC also rejected the requirement of a …

… pamphlets and books. There is no shortage of information on the origins and progress of the NEUM but there is only one … to its early history: it was a body which aimed to unite, on a federal basis, members of the three main 'ethnic groups' … and pointed to the concentration of land holding in the hands of big capital. The vast majority of farmers, …

… 27 February 1981 1980 - 1981 Commission of Inquiry on the Constitution Mandate: To inquire into and report on … system, with real power still concentrated in white hands. The tri-cameral structure is specifically designed to … crackdown on ANC activities. 1983 30 May, The Appeal Court hands down a landmark decision in the case Rikhoto v. East …

… On October 25 1991, ninety-two organisations that were united … the transfer of power. Clear guidelines were put forward on the responsibilities of the interim government. That is, … did not respond. Both leaders were to calm down and shake hands. However, Welsh (2009) notes that this argument caused …

… (GBV) is any violent act or action directed at a person on the basis of their gender. [1]   GBV is considered a … Police. [3]   Therefore, and unfortunately, the statistics on GBV are in reality higher and should be considered as a … are affected by sexual harassment in their daily lives on a daily basis. [6]   Consequently, more and more women …

… projects to be completed soon after were the Law Courts on Von Brandis Square and the City Hall on the eastern portion of Market Square, opposite the Rissik … as well as the brutal treatment they experienced at the hands of White supervisors. This induced the new British …

… making it even more difficult for workers to survive on low wages. Spontaneous strikes resulted: workers walk out … May, The Minister for Bantu Administration and Development hands over the symbols of authority to the Kwazulu … by the government of Venda. The Foreign Minister hands over a seventy-six room presidential palace, which cost …

… Pondoland. 21 March, At Sharpeville the police open fire on the unarmed and peaceful crowd, killing 69 and wounding … its anti-pass campaign. Police at Sharpeville open fire on peaceful protesters killing sixty-nine and injuring 180. … with defence, foreign affairs and justice remaining in the hands of the central government in the meantime. 31 January, …

… impoverished conditions. According to the Commission on the Cape Coloured Population 1937, the absence of feelings … of class struggle in the work place” with emphasis placed on increased wages and better working conditions (Berger, … Alexander decided that the secretary role should be in the hands of one of the workers, and Abrahams, already a shop …

… rush in South Africa in the 1880’s. Image Source (Accessed on 18 November 2020). This Section is divided into the … farm called Langlaagte to visit a friend, George Walker.  On his way, Harrison found an outcrop of rock and after … of Gold in the Witwatersrand: The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand occurred more than a decade after the …

… were discovered by police in a township near Springs on the East Rand. Later in the same month, a Pretoria court … were found guilty of recruiting and training guerrillas. On 4 April, ANC cadres launched a rocket and grenade attack on the Booysens Police Station , scattering pamphlets …

… Brief political context on the formation and history of the SACC ... read on 5 July 1995 statement to a workshop on The role of the Church and the 'Healing of Memories' at …

… On 16 August 2012, the South African Police Service (SAPS) opened fire on a crowd of striking mineworkers at Marikana, in the North … union-leadership's authorisation, support, or approval. On 9 August about three thousand miners went on strike to …

… 2 expeditions between 1497 and 1502. This feature focuses on the first, as it was during this expedition that Vasco da … The reason why groups often state their arrival on some foreign land as a "discovery" is because, according … The Portuguese expedition set off from the Tagus River on 8 July 1497 with a crew of 148 men in a squadron of three …

… a village near Dandi where Gandhi had broken Salt law on March 5, by the British District Magistrate of Surat under … There was no trial, no sentence. Unconditionally released on January 26, 1931. 1932 January 4, Gandhi: Arrested at … England. Released unconditionally by Government at night on September 20, 1932 after he had commenced his 21-day fast. …

… On 9 June 1983, three members of the armed wing of the … executions were common, the focus of this feature is on those who were sentenced to death and executed after they … the history of South Africa was the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960 , when the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) …

… On 14 April 1980 the nine accused appeared in the Pretoria … attack the Port Natal Administration Board; and an attack on the Soekmekaar police station. The accused were charged … attack. All nine of the accused pleaded not guilty on all counts; they also denied that there were plans to …

… African History Online (SAHO) are hosting this conference on the history and politics of the armed struggle in southern … to open up new areas of research and new conversations on this topic which, in spite of its historical significance … original research and developing new questions and ideas on the armed struggle. Thirdly, the conference aims to …

… The flag of the Boer Republic of the Orange Free State On 9 October 1899 the SAR issued an ultimatum to Britain and two days later, on 11 October the war was officially declared between Britain … the end, but a great deal of property and lives were lost on both sides. It was the bloodiest, longest and most …

… farm workers employed in the fruit and wine industries. On average, the minimum wage for the sector was R69 a day in … than R69 daily. Farmworkers in the Western Cape depend on the farm owners for their incomes, as well as other … clothing and fuel for winter. Many permanent workers live on the farms they work, frequently in poor living conditions. …

… the production of plays including Sarafina which went on to play on Broadway. Sarafina , a South African musical produced by … students who were involved in the Soweto Student uprising on 16 June 1976. It was adapted into a 1992 film featuring …

… of troops. Russia arranges for troops to be stationed on Russo-Austrian frontier. 28 July, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. 29 July, Great Britain warns Germany that it … orders the mobilisation of troops. Germany declares war on Russia. Italy announces neutrality. Belgium announces …