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Few alumni know this, but one of South Africa’s most important civil rights leaders is part of the University of Minnesota family. One hundred years ago, Alfred B. Xuma (B.S. 1920) graduated from the U of M.

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Published March 4, 2021Updated March 9, 2021

General Tips when answering Source-based Questions:

Published March 4, 2021Updated March 9, 2021

Explain to what extent Stalin succeeded in transforming Russia into a superpower by 1939.

References

- Berger, Morroe. "How the Molotov Plan Works." The Antioch Review 8, no. 1 (1948): 17-25.
- "Communism - Stalinism". 2021. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism/Stalinism#ref539199.
- Flewers, Paul. 2021. "The Economic Policy of the Soviet by Isaac Deutscher 1948". Marxists.Org. https://www.marxists.org/archive/deutscher/1948/economic-policy.htm.
- Frey, Kate. 2020. "An Introduction to Trotsky’S Theory of Permanent Revolution". Left Voice. https://www.leftvoice.org/an-introduction-to-trotskys-theory-of-permanent-revolution.
- Livi-Bacci, Massimo. "On the Human Costs of Collectivization in the Soviet Union." Population and Development Review (1993): 743-766.
- "Marshall Plan". 2021. History. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall-plan-1.
- Siracusa, Joseph M. "Reflections on the Cold War." Australasian Journal of American Studies (2009): 1-16.
- Van Ree, Erik. "Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment." Studies in East European Thought 50, no. 2 (1998): 77-117.
- Hardt, John P. and Carl Modig. The Industrialization of Soviet Russia in the First Half Century. Research Analysis Corp. McLean, 1968.

Published March 4, 2021Updated March 4, 2021

The Letsemeng Local Municipality is a Category B Municipality situated in the South-Western, Free State Province within the Xhariep District. It is bordered in the North by the Lejweleputswa District, in the South by Kopanong, in the East by the Mangaung Metro, and in the West by the Northern Cape Province. It is one of three Municipalities in the District, making up almost a third of its Geographical Area. Koffiefontein is the Municipal Head Office. The socio-economic growth of the Municipality is centered on agriculture.

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Published March 4, 2021Updated September 23, 2021

Extra note: In order to standardise the “Terms you need to Know” articles in the Classroom Section, all definitions are accessed from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ . In case of a definition accessed from a different source or website, please refer to the included endnotes.

Bolshevik: When referring to a Bolshevik, one is referring to a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party which seized power over Russia in 1917.

Published March 3, 2021Updated September 22, 2021

What is Communism?

References

- Ascher, Abraham. The revolution of 1905: Russia in disarray. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, 1994.
- Blumenberg, Werner. Karl Marx: an illustrated biography. Verso, 2000.
- Douzinas, Costas, and Slavoj Žižek. "The idea of communism." (2010). Verso Books, 2010.
- Evans, Alfred B. Soviet Marxism-Leninism: the decline of an ideology. ABC-CLIO, 1993.
- Lih, Lars T. "Bolshevik Razverstka and War Communism." Slavic Review 45, no. 4 (1986): 673-688.
- Mandel, Ernest. Trotsky as alternative. Verso, 1995.
- Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, and Samuel Moore. Manifesto of the communist party. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1972.
- Medvedev, Roy A. The October Revolution. Columbia University Press, 1979.
- Raleigh, Donald J. Experiencing Russia's civil war: politics, society, and revolutionary culture in Saratov, 1917-1922. Princeton University Press, 2002.
- Richman, Sheldon L. "War Communism to NEP: the road from serfdom." The Journal of Libertarian Studies 5, no. 1 (1981): 89-97.
- Roberts, Geoffrey. The Soviet Union and the origins of the Second World War: Russo-German relations and the road to war, 1933–1941. Macmillan International Higher Education, 1995.
- Ruthchild, Rochelle Goldberg. "Women's Suffrage and Revolution in the Russian Empire, 1905-1917." Aspasia 1, no. 1 (2007): 1-35.
- Trotsky, Leon. History of the Russian revolution. Haymarket Books, 2008.
- Wade, Rex A. The Russian Revolution, 1917. Vol. 53. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
- Blumenberg, Werner. Karl Marx: an illustrated biography. Verso, 2000.

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