Africa
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ArticleIsitwalandwe/Seaparankwe Award
Isitwalandwe/Seaparankwe is the highest honour awarded by the people of South Africa, through the African National Congress, to those who…
Early Resistance, the 1913 Land Act and deputations to London
The first restriction that the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) aimed to contest was the 1913 Land Act, an urgent issue that…
ArticleArmed Struggle, the anti-apartheid struggle accelerates 1984-1990
In September 1984, riots broke out in the Transvaal and spread to other parts of the country. These riots continued until 1986, when the…
ArticleArmed Struggle, the revival of armed activity 1970s-1980s
The independence of Mozambique, in particular, gave tremendous momentum to the armed struggle in South Africa. Jacob Zuma recalls that when…
ArticleA change to armed struggle and the state’s intensified repression 1960s
With no discernable change in government policies, some members of the African National Congress (ANC) began to move away from peaceful…
Rejuvenation of the ANC and intensification of the struggle 1940s
In 1940, Alfred Xuma was elected the new president of the African National Congress (ANC), and a period of greater action was introduced…
ArticleContinued resistance and internal criticism 1920s and 1930s
In the following years, the African National Congress (ANC) leadership evolved to be more inclined to action than passive deputation, but…
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Articles & Books on Johannesburg
Articles & books relating to Cape Town
ArticleThe Freedom struggle in Cape Town
Cape Town has a long history of the struggle against racial discrimination and social injustice. Some of the earlier struggles against…
ArticleCape Town the Segregated city
Contents Early settlement patterns of exclusion Towards racial segregation Segregated city Conclusion Once the fort and the early…
PlaceCape Town, Western Province
"Cape Town has just been voted as the top city in the world by the prestigious Time Out publication. And I fully agree with this, having…
ArticlePort Elizabeth Historical & community biographies
ArticleCommunity histories in Port Elizabeth
Xhosa community The pre-1994 apartheid system of homelands or 'Bantusans' denied Xhosa people South African citizenship and attempted to…