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… Thirteen residents were gunned down in Mamelodi by South African police. This followed the declaration of a State of emergency on 25 July 1985 by President PW Botha in 36 of South Africa’s 260 magisterial districts. Within the … Boddy-Evans, A. ‘This Day in African History: 21 November’ , [online], available at …

… Dr. Eschel Rhoodie was born in 1933 and was one of the key players in the 1978-79 ‘Information Scandal’. He served as the … standard diplomatic activity was insufficient to improve apartheid South Africa's negative image abroad, Rhoodie … |De Beer, M. (1995).  Who Did What in South Africa . Jeppestown: AD Donker …

… The Appeal Court handed down a landmark decision in the case Rikhoto v. East Rand Administration Board (ERAB), … These cases contributed to the gradual dismantling of apartheid laws regulating movement and torture, and became part of the process of chipping away of apartheid policies. …

… of Uganda from 1957, founded the Uganda People's Congress in 1960. Obote became Uganda's Prime Minister after independence was gained from the British in 1962 and by 1966 he had installed himself as president. He … accusations of fraud. Factionalism led to an army coup in 1985 in which he was ousted a second time and exiled to …

… professor, getting there via political imprisonment, time in exile and a job in the alternative press? The answer is: the influence of … added some pepper and spice to this," he chuckled. But in 1985, his house was devastated by three petrol bombs, and he …

… Malaza, presumably died on this day thirty years ago while in Security Police custody. His death was the twenty-first in detention since March 1976. An entry in Deaths in … A Crime Against Humanity: analysing the repression of the apartheid state, Johannesburg: Human Rights Committee, p. 59. …

… From the book:  Freedom In Our Life Time by Anton Muziwakhe Lembede Booker T. … as the National Party government began implementing its apartheid policies. See C. M. Tatz, Shadow and Substance in … involved itself in a range of activities, including sports, music, theatricals; sponsoring debates, discussions, …

… "Unity in Participation" Huhudi: A case study in resistance to removal: paper presented at National … Conference on 17 March 1984 discussing forced removals, apartheid, segregation, Urban Areas Act, labour, housing, … Unity in Participation Huhudi: A case study in resistance to …

… Trevor Andrew Manuel was born in Kensington, Cape Town on 31 January 1956.Manuel first became involved in politics when he joined the Labour Party Youth in 1969 at … the Western Cape, and was appointed regional secretary. In 1985, Manuel was arrested for a month for his activities in …

… was part of our old 'history classroom content' written in 2003, we have updated is slightly to meet the needs of the new curriculum but further updates will be made in 2010. Differences between Capitalism and Communism … class Focus is on the individual and his/her own progress in life Communism System of government is totalitarian …

… In democratic South Africa, the government allows citizens to … strikes when disputes with their employers arise. As often in industrial actions, the conflict primarily concerns wages – here with the mineworkers demanding an increase in their wages, often twice what they are earning. On 23 …

… by his wife and son, Jan van Riebeeck set off from Texel in The Netherlands for the Cape of Good Hope. Van Riebeeck … 82 men and 8 women. When Van Riebeeck left The Netherlands in 1651, the Council of Policy, a bureaucratic governing … Riebeeck and his crew was extremely harsh, as they lived in wooden huts and their gardens were washed away by the …

… Boy Adolphus Mvemve died a very violent death in exile in Zambia in 1974. He was 43 years of age at the … had been one of the many cadres marked for death by the apartheid security forces for his demonstrably effective … area, for a number of campaigns designed to shake the apartheid government. He was never intimidated by the …

… Congress (ANC) held its first Consultative Conference in South Africa after thirty-one years from 14-16 December 1990. It was considered by the ANC as ranking in importance with such historic moments as the Congress of the People convened in June 1955; the Defiance Campaigns of 1952 and 1989; the …

… when the Boers tried to settle on Khoikhoi land. Later, in the East, they met up with the Xhosa, who also fought … territory. Most of the land into which they moved is in the Karoo. This large region has soil that is not very … source Conflicts happened as white settlement increased. In the 1730s, the Trek Boers and Khoikhoi clashed in the …

… East India Company to establish an Indian trading empire in the East. 1652 The Dutch East India Company started a … arrives at the Cape. Before the first shipment of slaves in 1658, a hand full off slaves had already arrived in the Cape with their 'owners'. By 1658 there were 11 …

… fierce resistance was launched by African people in response to their loss of land, livestock and political … land while dispossessing Khoi, San and African communities in the process. This opened up the interior of South Africa to further colonial conquest. The British in turn, pursued the voortrekkers by annexing more land and …

… Manilal Gandhi was born  on 28 October 1892 in Rajkot, India, the second son of Kasturba and  Mohandas … he began an individual campaign to protest against petty apartheid laws such as bench apartheid, separate libraries and post offices but again …

… Christmas Day, celebrated on December 25 in Catholic, Protestant, and most Orthodox churches, is a public holiday in South Africa. On this day Christians commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem. The date is traditional and is not considered … The History of Christmas Day and its celebration in South Africa …

… John (Jack) Curtis was born on 31 August 1912 in Geelong, Australia, the third of nine children. He left … Curtis was known as a very fierce opponent to tyranny, Apartheid and his championing of the oppressed. He worked … kwaZulu-Natal) because he would not cooperate with the apartheid policy, Curtis sought him out to talk to him and …

… Nana Henrietta Moabi (nee Radadi) was born in Lichtenburg, Western Transvaal (now North West Province ) … Pietersburg, Northern Transvaal (now known as Polokwane in Limpopo ) and the St Mountford Convent in Louis Trichardt, … subjected to the harsh labour conditions under the apartheid system. She became an active member of the trade …

… anti-pass campaign of 1919. Yengwa was born near Mapumulo in Natal in 1923. He attended secondary school in Richmond and in 1945 … ka Mabelemade , published in the 1940s, and a chapter in Apartheid (1971), edited by Alex La Guma . …

… Dr Oshadi Mangena was born in a toilet on 12 June 1931 when her father’s employer … was a trained nurse before she became involved full time in the liberation struggle.   In the late 1960s and early … director in 1976. Dr Mangena worked closely with anti-apartheid activist, the Reverend Beyers Naude . In the early …

… Dikgang Moseneke was born in Pretoria on 20 December 1947. He is the eldest of the four … attended primary and secondary school there. At 15, when in standard eight (Grade Ten), Moseneke was arrested, and convicted of participating in anti-apartheid activity. He was sentenced to ten years' …

… have made to the Indian people since you left South Africa in 1960. Can you tell us what the background to this leaflet … also mount ever-increasing resistance to every aspect of apartheid: the Group Areas Act must not be allowed to govern … of the Indian people in the implementation of apartheid policies. Every form of opposition to apartheid is …

… Petros Sipho Sibusiso Mkhize was born and raised in Macambini, a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal. Little is … and the early structures of what would become formal apartheid. The rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal were designated … a life despite the increasingly oppressive restrictions of apartheid legislation. The couple had two sons: Mbekezeli …

… Fred Carneson was born on 13th January 1920 in Goodwood, Cape Town to Anthony and Annie Carneson, a poor … Later, he was elected to the Chair of the Anti-Apartheid Trade Union Committee. However, both Fred and Sarah … Their names appeared on a list called ‘Enemies of the Apartheid State’ and were targets for assassination. After …

… 'Bloke' Modisane was born on 28 August 1923. He grew up in Sophiatown, a multiracial suburb in Johannesburg. His father was murdered and sister died from … destroyed in the late 1950s, and an examination of what apartheid does to the character and self-esteem of the …

… Zubeida “Juby” "Sharon Davis" Mayet was born December 27,in 1937 in Fietas, Johannesburg , Transvaal (now Gauteng ). Mayet … and a strong commitment to the struggle against racism and apartheid. She was a founding member of the Union of Black … 2019. • Goolam, V. (2012). Muslim Portraits: The Anti-Apartheid Struggle – Juby Mayet – p216. Available at …

… On the 300 anniversary of the arrival of  Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay,  the African National Congress (ANC) and the … campaign that protested against the unjust laws of the apartheid regime. The campaign of defiance against unjust … 26 June and took the form of large-scale contraventions of apartheid regulations by handpicked “volunteers”. …