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… of the region. Before 1992, the aim of SADCC was to forge close economic co-operation with Southern African countries excluding South Africa. The aim was to bolster the economy of South Africa's neighbour to reduce their dependence on the South African economy. …

… Background Before P W Botha came to power in 1978, the government of John Vorster had begun a … reforms. A commission headed by Erica Theron was appointed to improve the affairs of coloured people in South Africa. … (1977) argued that the Westminster system was an obstacle to good governance in a multicultural and plural society like …

… General Secretary for the GWIU, Indian women started to enter the industry in significant numbers from 1960 while … in clothing factories, until then in the majority, started to decline. In 1965, membership of the GWIU was made up of … workers and 6715 female workers. By 1967 this had grown to 7582 female workers, while the number of males dropped to …

… the support of the ANC Youth League, a new leadership came to power in the ANC. Walter Sisulu was elected … and a number of Youth Leaguers were elected to the national executive, including Oliver Tambo , Sisulu's … successor. The period 1950 -1952 began with a commitment to militant African nationalism and mass action and to …

… us, and the place itself. In the next 3 units we are going to talk about Pretoria, the administrative capital city of South Africa. Firstly it is important to know where Pretoria is in the world. Then we will talk … Andries Pretorius, bought two farms along the Apies River to establish the capital of all the Afrikaner communities in …

… from the Eastern Cape undertook a hunting expedition to the former Western Transvaal (now North West Province) and … 1830. A group of about 12 Eastern Cape farmers living next to the East Riet River area in the vicinity of the present … this expedition there they also paid a courtesy visit to Mzilikazi, Chief of the Ndebele tribe. Louis Jacobus Nel …

… Several factors seemed to pave the way to apartheid, among them a colonial conquest, land … commission from the Dutch East India Trading Company (VOC) to establish a refreshment station for passing ships.  The …

… in the economy. Although the 1920s appeared on the surface to be a prosperous time, income was unevenly distributed. The … economic problems in many countries, as Europe struggled to pay war debts and reparations. These problems contributed to the crisis that began the Great Depression. America's …

… About 2 000 years ago (100 BC), life began to change significantly in the Western part of Southern … of the Khoikhoi way of life were strange and difficult to understand. This map shows three possible routes the Khoikhoi took to Southern Africa. The part of the route that some …

… or "the hammering." The original Xhosa term ukufaca means "to be weak, emaciated by hunger" - placing emphasis on famine … the Mfecane requires moving beyond simplistic explanations to examine the complex interplay of environmental crisis, …

… Goldblatt in 1989, it was originally created as a space to provide further education in visual literacy and photographic practice to disadvantaged students during the apartheid era. It has … projects that stimulate interactions and responses to a complex set of backgrounds in culture and identity …

… We are going to investigate an event using written SOURCES. Can you try to guess which event we are going to look at? Here are the clues: 1. It was a sport event. 2. …

… banning of the A.N.C. in 1960. It gave fullest attention to the strategy and tactics to be used in the new situation. Our New Year message … in general. This document therefore is not intended to give a profound and detailed analysis of the internal and …

… a number of political and community organisations to widen the struggle and mobilise supporters from the wider … Project on Christianity in Apartheid Society (Spro-cas), to gather information about the role of Christianity and how … in the country. When Spro-cas’s funders put pressure on it to create a programme of action, they appointed Bennie …

… In an attempt to restore artistic exchange and dialogue after the Cultural … and the coming-out of the South African art scene to an international audience.  The nervous condition of … summarised in the title of Thomas McEvilley’s contribution to the Biennale catalogue: “Here Comes Everybody”.  To this …

… for the discovery of the main gold reef must be attributed to George Harrison, whose findings on the farm Langlaagte … available there, and because of the site's close proximity to the diggings. Following upon the declaration of … in the Transvaal, deposits had invariably proved to have a short working life, so the concentrations of people …

… resisted the rise of the Colonisersand their attempts to reshape and re-engineer Pondoland and to co-opt their Chiefs. Violence erupted around issues such … in their Chiefs since Chiefs proved they were willing to be co-opted by the colonial rulers at the expense of their …

… the ethical responsibilities of the artist with regard to the Apartheid State , calling for recognition of state … political, and that likewise, it has a direct relation to the community it emerges from, particularly if that … recast as that of cultural worker, as someone committed to the anti-apartheid struggle. Part of this newfound …

… an event of major political significance. In his message to the Congress of the People, Chief Albert Luthuli , the … meet as equals, irrespective of race, colour and creed, to formulate a Freedom Charter for all people in the … ANC leaders were confronted with the problem of how to sustain the enthusiasm of their vast new following. The …

… has taken place annually since 2006. Each year it is open to secondary school teachers and learners in Grades 8 to 11. The aim of the competition is to increase the interest in history and to encourage scholars …

… heritage, many people have learned from stories told to them by their proud elders and community members. These … customs, traditions and memories passed from parents to children. In this lesson we will explore historical places … part of our country’s heritage. This will assist learners to find out about the past and how to apply this knowledge to …

… Africa's first democratically elected government referred to as the result of a 'negotiated revolution'. As predicted, … no  major force  with any significant muscle emerged to challenge the validity of the election results or to pose a threat to their acceptance. On the contrary, a …

… Broederbond , a secret Afrikaner organization which aimed to further the interests of the Afrikaner people. Although … Vroue Vereniging, which both encouraged Afrikaner women to teach their children about Afrikaner values and to do charity work to uplift and strengthen the Afrikaner …

… on the scene (see SAIC section). Dr. Dadoo was elected to the parties’ leadership in 1946. By the mid-60s the … was formed in approximately 1903 by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the anti-Indian legislation in the area. … The organization depended on petitions and deputations to the authorities and appeals for help to the Government of …

… war-torn capital. This victory was significant enough to be a serious concern to the government of neighbouring Ethiopia, who backed … troops, with American air support, invaded Somalia to attack the ICU and attempt to establish authority for the …

… schools that admitted exclusively white pupils qualified to receive larger grants, and the following year the … School Attendance Bill in 1899 were all failed attempts to implement compulsory white education.The government felt … of black children, and the government was not prepared to carry the load of paying for the education of Coloured …

… trains came, and they were somewhat cleaner. However, to make the electricity that trains use; large amounts of coal have to be burned. The smoke also causes air pollution. Cars are … released into the air is resulting in ‘Global Warming’ To understand 'global warming' and what you can do to stop it …

… a group of alleged white supremacists accused of trying to overthrow the African National Congress (ANC)  led … railway lines running through the township. The damage to the railway lines was estimated at approximately R2 … the black township of Soweto. The Boeremag sent an e-mail to the Afrikaans language "Beeld" newspaper saying it had …

… at school kids. South African Educational Portal Welcome to the Thutong Portal: Delivering information, curriculum, and support materials to the South African schooling and FET College community. … The website hosts a supplement for educators and learners to promote the understanding of Apartheid. The project is …

… from the late 1950s the South African Government attempted to divide South Africa into a number of separate states, … Under the homeland system , each state was supposed to develop into a separate nation-state for a different ethnic group. According to the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act No. 46 of 1959 …