A Culture of Survival
… black women. This can be partly explained by the fact that African women did not have to carry passes until the 1950s, and were thus not as easily controlled as African men. As a result, black women had to rely on work in … iR8,00 R13,00 R13,50 R25.85 Passes Up until 1956, only African men had to carry passes. A pass represented a means …