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… Ghettos an area, usually outside a city, that is occupied by a minority group Imposed use of force to put something … operating in secrecy usually be illegalised or banned by government or authority   …

… and was executed with military precision. Surrounded by elaborate security precautions, those arrested were driven … of the verdict, including special legislation being passed by parliament for the trial. The legislation allowed for a … covered a shorter period of time than that covered by the original indictment (instead of October 1, 1952, the …

… to a degree. In America many Indian nations were destroyed by the European desire to expand and dominate territory. In … In many cases the changes were enforced and driven by greed, but in others by necessity. The conquering of territory is still an issue …

… School of Arts and the Market Photo Workshop, facilitated by Eija Keskinen. Keskinen, a Finnish photographer, was … 9/9 series on township soccer) The exhibition was curated by Christine Frisinghelli the editor of Camera Austria, and … PHOTAFRICA CONTEST 2010-Exhibition organized by the CAF -Andalusian Centre of Photography and the African …

… Kapadia and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi are betrothed by their fathers. 1882 Kasturba and Mohandas are married at … leaves for South Africa to work on a lawsuit, invited by Seth Dada Abdullah. After resolving the case, he decides … leaves the ship at night, and Mohandas Gandhi is attacked by a mob. He refuses to press charges. Kasturba realises how …

… his people. The Portuguese traded guns for slaves captured by the Kongo in wars against rival kingdoms in the interior. … (or rulers) accept the authority of the king of Portugal by paying a large tribute. If they refused to do this, the … of tropical diseases. They were also constantly attacked by hostile inhabitants of the area and were unable to conquer …

… for the Missing Person Task Team, an organisation set up by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to help find … non-political reasons. Once there, he became politicized by fellow political prisoners. This happened at a time when … moment Peter Johnson announced he would not be captured by the police and shot himself in the head. Following …

… and more violent. He was asked to renounce his visions by the leaders of the Church as they could not condone the … not accommodate the congregation and was soon replaced by a larger, temporary marquee. The space soon became … which, according to his followers, could be heard by Isrealites all over South Africa. The call led to a …

… the origin of people? The distant past can be studied by means of archaeology. Archaeologists try to find the … precious Rubbish and other remains are considered precious by archaeologists. Archaeologists carefully dig up the rubbish and other remains left behind by people living many thousands of years ago. This includes …

… 1926 NUSAS was involved in an overseas exchange programs by its executive members in order to learn more about the … Black counterparts. In the early 1930s NUSAS was affected by the growing feeling of the Afrikaner nationalism. The … a small minority of 'radical' students heavily influenced by Marxist ideas on campus, it was not until the arrival of …

… Pretoria’s founder – a man by the name of Marthinus Wessels Pretorius - arrived in … a new town for the new state of the Transvaal. [v] By end of 1855, the two farms were officially declared as a … his intention to capture the capital was disrupted by the war which continued for almost another two years. On …

… in the Transvaal, Natal and the Eastern Cape. It grew by successfully improving the conditions of its members, … Union Advisory and Coordinating Council (TUACC) in 1974. By the 1980s its membership exceeded 20 000 in the transport …

… By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of political organisations initiated by Coloureds existed, most of which dealt with the question … 000 members in thirty-three branches. Strategies employed by the APO were non-confrontational forms of protest and …

… people. The San were also known as 'Bushmen', a term used by the European Colonists that is now considered derogatory. … culture and religion: San languages, characterised by implosive consonants or 'clicks', belonged to a totally … recorded. Fortunately, the /Xam dialect, which is spoken by the San, was recorded almost in its entirety, thanks to …

… that access to public education was very limited. Attempts by a few white liberal politicians and elite members of the … in the country. In fact, the TLSA came to represent by far the largest professional group within the Coloured … and the editorial board was constituted only in 1924, and by 1933 it was producing five copies a year. From 1943 eight …

… not aware of that at all; until the announcement was made by de Klerk, you know, that he would be freed and you know … the idea of a constitutional negotiated settlement, by encouraging dialogue with the ANC. Beyers: Oh yes. Oh yes, … is what they were going to do, you know. And I, from my side you know, I gladly indicated to him and said ‘Whatever …

… of the pending disfranchisement of the Cape Natives by the Parliament of South Africa. The following resolutions by Mr. L. T. Mtimkulu is carried out:-That the resolutions on … and Native Land and Trust Bill be submitted to parliament by a deputation of Africans during the next session of …

… the  Liberal Party of South Africa  (LPSA) was not banned by the government, its members were not spared the wrath of … methods were adopted.  The NCL was formed late in 1960 by a small group consisting of about 11 people, including … The organisation hoped to attract an African following by undertaking acts of sabotage against government …

… powerful enough to lead to his arrest and imprisonment by the Kenyan government in the 1970s. Chinua Achebe … Wiwa was arrested and eventually executed for his activism by the Nigerian military dictatorship with the complicity of … is an X-ray using electronic detectors, and was developed by physicist Alan Cormack for use in the data collection of …

… Romans, a people defeated in war were usually taken over by the conquerors as slaves. The men were imprisoned and … of the capture of people from West Africa who were taken by slave-traders to America or elsewhere. These slaves were … freedom for himself or for his children unless "set free" by his master. Both of these descriptions are not applicable …

… into northern and southern Natal and the Transvaal by 1977. By 1982, it had succeeded in organizing 100 per cent of the …

… the magazine’s 60 th anniversary, which we are celebrating by publishing new material and key profiles over the next … The magazine, initially established as ‘The African Drum’ by journalist and broadcaster Robert Crisp, was not at first financially successful. It was taken over by Jim Bailey who, with the assistance of a team of writers …

… the area further westwards. The Basotho wars were preceded by the mass migration of several Nguni groups. This migration … due to competition for resources, which was intensified by a drought. This competition for resources caused these … 1824. Moshoeshoe gave assistance to his defeated enemies by giving them land, which led to the establishment of the …

… respect of the new townships. The NRB started the process by undertaking a survey of Sophiatown. The survey was … composition of families, family incomes, and distribution by gender and most significantly, length of residence in … relocation of the community of Sophiatown to Meadowlands. By the middle of 1954 the NRB was already sending notices to …

… Congress (TIC)  in 1945. Its formation was precipitated by dynamics within the South African Indian Congress (SAIC). … need to rejuvenate politics within the Indian community by infusing a younger leadership. In 1946 Dr. Monty Naicker … Congress. The leadership takeover of Indian politics by younger and more progressive generation led to the …

… among the Nama herders and groups of San hunter-gatherers. By then, the Korana had become well-armed and some sources … to note however, that livestock raids were carried out by a minority group of Korana. An important leader at the … of the Royal Artillery arrived in the area - led by Sir Walter Currie. Together with 400 mounted Boers and …

… It is also given additional powers and responsibilities by other national legislation. Since its inauguration on 2 … the noble ideals expressed in our Constitution are enjoyed by all in South Africa. The SAHRC works with government, … through the promotion and protection of human rights by: 1. Addressing human rights violations and seeking …

… be given to special diets for patients. Social Aspects: by 1885 the Indian population had reached around 30 000.  … were registered, of which 865 were still under indenture.  By 1885 there were eight divorces in Natal. According to the … Water supply for consumption on most Estates was fouled by pollution and was of grave concern.  Rivers and streams …

… and innovation across the arts. Tau performed by One Man and His Dog and The Market Theatre Photograph by Jan Potgieter Image source   The Festival The festival … as well as a Fringe programme, which are both administered by the National Arts Festival offic The Fringe The Fringe …

… The depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy. Although … 24, 1929 when 16 million shares of stock were quickly sold by panicking investors who had lost faith in the American … there was really nowhere to go. Industry was badly shaken by the Depression. Factories closed; mills and mines were …