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1980s: Women organise
Origins: Formation, Sharpeville and banning, 1959-1960
… a year after PAC was formed. The PAC moves underground (1960s - 1976) The PAC faced a leadership crisis. When Sobukwe … South Africa in 1994. The PAC in…
ArticleGarveyism: Early 1900s philosophy
Marcus Garvey, preaching the unity of all blacks, claimed that liberty would come about only through the return of all Afro-Americans to their ancestral homes…
ArticleLiberation history Timeline 1960-1969
… The 1960s witnessed the banning of both the ANC and the PAC in … for all White males. Defence spending rocketed during the 1960s from US$63 million at the…
ArticleWomen, employment and the changing economic scene, 1920s
In the 1920s, with the First World War (1914-1918) over, the pattern of female employment began to change. The war and the protectionist policy of the Pact…
ArticleAftermath: Sharpeville Massacre 1960
International responsesThe Sharpeville massacre was reported worldwide, and received with horror from every quarter. South Africa had already been harshly…
ArticleSharpeville Massacre, 21 March 1960
At the annual conference of the African National Congress (ANC) held in Durban on 16 December 1959, the President General of the ANC, Chief Albert Luthuli,…
ArticleThe Anti-Pass Campaigns 1960
1959-1960: Formation, Sharpeville and Banning For many years there was tension inside the African National Congress (ANC) between those with more moderate…
The 1980s and the crisis of Apartheid
Please note that this section is detailed and we have broken it up into 3 pages: Use the page navigation on the right or bottom of the page Introduction …
ArticleThe turbulent 1950s - Women as defiant activists
In the 1950s the government's increasingly repressive policies began to pose a direct threat to all people of colour, and there was a surge of mass political…
ArticleYouth Politics in South Africa in the 1970s
The 1970s period was a watershed for youth politics in South Africa. The South African Student Organisation (SASO) was gathering support from campus to campus…
Re-Emergence of Congress Activity 1980s
By 1980, the Black Consciousness organisations were in a gradual decline and struggling to avert state repression. Congress-inspired traditions were also re…
ArticleA Land Dispossession History 1600s-1990s
Anyone who travels over the vast expanse of South Africa is immediately struck by the great variations in its landscape and the differing contexts and…
The Liberation Struggle documents: 1990s
ArticleNelson Mandela Timeline 1960-1969
1960 21 March, In a peaceful anti pass march led by the PAC at Sharpeville, the police open fire on the unarmed and peaceful crowd, killing 69 and wounding…
ArticleApartheid crumbles, Women in the turmoil of the 1980s
The 1980s saw escalating state repression and mass detentions. In a frenzy of desperate reaction, the government declared a series of back-to-back states of…
ArticleThe Langa March, 30 March 1960
On 30 March 1960, Philip Kgosana led a Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) march of between 30.000-50.000 protestors from Langa and Nyanga to the police headquarters…
Artist groups and educational facilities (1960-1980)
Due to the apartheid racial classification systems, many black artists were not allowed to further their education and attend formal learning facilities such…
ArticleYusuf Dadoo Timeline: 1960 - 1969
Yusuf Dadoo Timeline: 1960 - 1969 1960 March 16, The Boycott Movement, in London, is renamed the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM). Tennyson Makiwane, Vella…
ArticleGeneral South African History Timeline: 1950s
1950 - 1960 In Fietas, Johannesburg, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) initiates and implements the 'Decade of Defiance'. 1950 Florence Matomela…
ArticleIndian South Africans timeline 1960-1969
Indian South Africans Timeline: 1960-1969 1960 19 February, Dr Monty Naicker called for strength in resistance, citing the example of Patrice Lumumba of…
ArticleWomen in the schizophrenic 1940s - World War II and its aftermath
The 1940s opened with the devastating Second World War in full swing. This decade also marked the gradual transition from a mining and agricultural economy …
ArticleGeneral South African History Timeline: 1930s
9 July, The Executive of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) meets in Durban and appoints S.R. Naidoo as the SAIC's nominee to the Young Committee. Albert…
ArticleGeneral South African History Timeline: 1980s
1980 is declared the Year of the Charter, marking the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Freedom charter in 1955. 1980 SACTU declares the year as…
General South African History Timeline: 1970s
1970 11 June, It is announced that Security Police have arrested the leader of the Soweto Students’ Representative Council (SSRC), Dan S. Montsitsi in…
Article1960 - 1994: Armed Struggle and Popular Resistance
1984-1990:- The people armedIntroductionNumerous factors characterised the intensification of the freedom struggle against the National Party government in the…
Conclusion: A Land Dispossession History 1600s-1990s
In all countries where market-assisted land reforms have been undertaken, the outcomes have been disappointing. In the case of Southern African countries such…
Labour and Mining Revolution 1886-1940s
The discovery of a diamond on a farm in the British controlled Cape Colony in 1867 and of gold in the Afrikaner “Boer” controlled Transvaal Republic…
ArticleGeneral South African History Timeline: 1940s
1940 Dr. A.B. Xuma is elected President-General of the African National Congress (ANC). Walter Sisulu joins the African National Congress. The population…
ArticleGeneral South African History Timeline: 1920s
July, Industrial and Commercial Workers Union of South Africa (ICU) is established as national Black trade union in Bloemfontein. 11 September, Gerrit…