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… fire on a crowd of striking mineworkers at Marikana, in the North West Province .  The police killed 34 … This event culminated after an intense week-long protest in which the miners were demanding a wage increase at the Lonmin platinum mine in a wildcat strike. A wildcat strike, or 'unofficial …

… record shows Xhosa lived on the banks of the Buffalo River in 1686 and settled at what is now Somerset East in 1702. In the 1770s, Whites settlers encountered Xhosas clans on the …

… Catering and Allied Workers Union of South Africa) in 1975, with Emma Mashinini   as the general secretary and … Union (HARWU) and Retail and Allied Workers Union (RAWU) in 1989. This was in response to a clarion call by the 1985 inaugural congress …

… African Cultural Organisations (FOSACO) was initiated in 1990 at a consultative conference held in Johannesburg. The aim of FOSACO was to establish a … the stance of a broad liberation movement. This in turn led to clashes with the DAC. One of the …

… leave a positive legacy for the children of Africa'. Born in 1957 in Nongoma, KwaZulu, and raised in Hluriluwe, Mangete and Baynesfield. I began photography in …

… to be awarded to South African citizens who have excelled in the fields of arts, culture, literature, music, journalism … and sport. Organisation This Order can be awarded in three Categories: Category 1 = Gold Category 2 = Silver … men and women who carry the colourful South African aloft in the fields of creativity, arts, culture, music, journalism …

… the wave of independence which swept the African continent in the 1960s, integration schemes became an increasingly … tool for facilitating economic growth and development in recently decolonised African economies.  Visionary leaders … as it prepared to take its place as an independent actor in the global economy.  Furthermore, integration was viewed …

… at Langlaagte, gold had become the most important industry in South Africa, bringing much money into the country. Gold mining on the Rand created a revolution in mining methods, and changed South Africa in a very significant way. This section examines the nature …

… In mid 1906, the Natal colonialist in the face of rising Zulu resentment against the imposition … kaMancinza , head of the Zondi, a Zulu clan that lived in the Mpanza Valley in the Greytown district. Chief …

… the beginning of the inexorable end for many a state in the then known world. On that day, four hundred years ago, … century and keeping the British imperial merchants in check, founded the Vereenigde Landsche Ge-Oktroyeerde … guaranteed it the right to the spice trade monopoly in East Asia. However, this government charter secured the …

… In 2002 the South African Society of Artists, the oldest surviving organisation of its kind in our country, marks its centenary. It is perhaps not … broadly- based, featuring some of our finest practitioners in painting, sculpture, architecture, design and craft, as …

… The Metal and Allied Workers Union (MAWU) was established in April 1973 in with the assistance of the General Factory Workers Benefit Fund (GFWBF). It was launched in Pietermaritzburg with Alpheus Mthethwa, an employee of the …

… The Institute for Industrial Education (IIE) was founded in Durban, in May 1973, to serve as a school for trade unionists of all … unionists. The institute was affiliated to Ruskin College in England, an educational body based in Oxford, England for …

… In this topic, we will identify and explain the changes that took place in Europe between 1750 and 1850. Change is the driving force in history. Without change there would be no progress. As a …

… and Fighter-jets from a British-Swedish consortium in order to retain an effective defense capability. This … to the National Assembly and was supported by all parties in parliament. The then PAC leader Patricia de Lille who is … the City of Cape Town became a whistleblower and claimed in Parliament that a number of senior ANC people had received …

… (the GRA, the Fellowship of True Afrikaners) was launched in Paarl, Western Cape on 14 August 1875. The society was … dedicated to the recognition of Afrikaans as a language in Parliament, schools, the civil service and society in general. But more than this, according to Davenport, ‘the …

… try to find the answers to certain questions about people in the past. To do this they look for evidence of the people they are interested in. This means looking for places or sites where people lived … animals as well as stone or metal objects. They know that, in almost all cases, the oldest material will be at the …

… and Tigris Rivers. The source of these rivers lies in modern Turkey and they cross Syria before ending in Iraq, where they unite. Mesopotamia is Greek for ‘a land … through regular flooding of the area. Like the Nile River in Egypt, the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers allowed the …

… from 16 – 20 December 2007 at the University of Limpopo in Polokwane. This conference was remarkable as it signalled … Jacob Zuma . Zuma was appointed as Deputy President in 1999 by President Mbeki, indicating an alliance of sorts … President position due to Zuma’s links with Schabir Shaik in 2005. Shaik had been convicted of two corruption charges . …

… working for justice, reconciliation and peace in South Africa. Its stated mission is to bring reconciliation and peace in South Africa. It was launched in 1985 by Michael Cassidy in the wake of the Kairos document …

… examine Stalins. The impact of the policies is examined in the table at the end. Stalin: The First Five- Year Plans … Communist Party accepted Stalin's national economic plan in 1927. The plan was to run from 1928 to 1933, and the … rapid industrialisation flowed from his particular belief in socialism.  Stalin believed Russia had to be delivered …

… February, Gandhi: Second week, (Bardoli). Five days' fast in connection with Chauri Chaura incident. November 9-13, … of Wales' visit. 1922 March 10, Gandhi: Arrested at 10.30 in the evening near the Sabarmati Ashram while proceeding in a car. Lodged in Sabarmati Prison; pleaded guilty to …

… from sources: Activity 1: The Old Order The three men in the picture stand for the three Estates of the Old Order. … Look at the picture, then answer the following questions in groups of two. Questions:   Who is the man in chains? Who are the men on his back? Does it look as if it …

… of State Security (BOSS), which was originally established in 1968, is one such agency whose history remains frustratingly murky.  Origins BOSS was established in 1968, but was only legally institutionalised on 16 May … British Intelligence agencies (MI5 and MI6) for guidance in how to establish its own security and intelligence …

… Court A case can reach the Constitutional Court in a variety of ways: as the result of an appeal from a … Typically, cases that reach the Constitutional Court start in the High Court, which has the power to grant various … this point other interested parties may ask to be joined in proceedings, or be admitted as an amicus curiae (friend of …

… energy industries, and the unions that protect the workers in them, are having to reckon with an increasingly … visible effects of pollution and climate change, as seen in the recent devastation caused by cyclone Idai that swept … the already high levels of unemployment and poverty in the country. Phakamile Hlubi-Majola, spokesperson for the …

… The largest North-Sotho language group in South Africa are the Bapedi group, who arrived in the northern province around the 1650s, and became … subordinate chiefs. The paramount chief exacted tribute in the form of thatch grass, clay and cattle, while using … prehistory to the year 2000, Unpublished papers with SA History Online. …

… I am a self-taught, fine art photographer based in Cape Town. My work is primarily a form of social … hand-painted photographs depicting marginalized lifestyles in South Africa, which were exhibited at galleries in Germany, the Netherlands and at the ‘Photo LA 2004’ in Los …

… The birth of a new non-racial and non -sexist democracy in South Africa necessitated a critical review of the system … of the past. Seeking to move away from the past, in May 1998, the newly-instituted President's Advisory … then Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in co-operation with the Government Communication and …