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… it called the ‘Cold War’ ? The reason lay in the threat of new and even deadlier weapons of nuclear technology that prevented outright open warfare. … by conflict through proxy wars, the manipulation of more vulnerable states through extensive military and …   USSR and USA and the creation of spheres of interest :   - installation of Soviet-friendly …

… Spain. (These men were later murdered by the inhabitants of the island for mistreating them.) On his second voyage, … colonists fought among themselves and with the inhabitants of the island. They were greedy and complained that there was … 'discovered' the Americas in 1492, he was made governor of the new territories. These conquests were soon followed by …

… The establishment of Drum Magazine in the 1950s, notwithstanding the newly-elected Nationalist Party’s policy of Apartheid, reflected the dynamic changes that were taking … magazine became an important platform for a new generation of writers and photographers who changed the way Black people …

… March 20, 1602 marked the beginning of the inexorable end for many a state in the then known world. On that day, four hundred years ago, a group of Dutch merchants and independent trading companies, … established over the spice trade with East Asia at the end of the fifteenth century and keeping the British imperial …

… behaves from rivers elsewhere, but the manners and customs of the Egyptians themselves seem to be the opposite of the typical practices of mankind’. - Herodotus. When Herodotus, the ancient Greek …

… working on a piece loosely based on Aime Cesaire’s version of the Tempest for 2015.  It has been hard to say that this … its parts were and are enormous. On Friday the 25th of September we were treated to the ambitious work and I … to the stuff they dished out at the Homecoming Centre of District Six. Their “Storming”, billed as a loose …

… Early years The history of the South African Defence Force (SADF) can be traced to … at the Cape in 1652, he had with him a small contingent of soldiers, divided into two groups. The first were … from possible attacks from the original inhabitants of the Cape. In 1681 a defence unit of 300 men was …

… For this activity students will take on the role of a traveler like Marco Polo. They can be taking the role of a trader, a general traveler or someone visiting a … relative who lives in Mapungubwe.   The will write a dairy of their stay in Mapungubwe. They should also draw what they …

… move around from place to place, following a nomadic way of life. The invention of the bow and arrow. The San invented their own type of bow and arrow in order to hunt effectively. They useda …

… culture, develop an Afrikaner economy, and to gain control of the South African government. During the 1930s the … van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK - Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Societies) which acted as an umbrella … cultural groups, and took over the original cultural remit of the AB. The Afrikaner Broederbond , meanwhile, evolved …

… for this is that there are very few written accounts of the mfecane, which makes it very difficult to determine … new oral traditions were born to suit the changing make-up of society. Europeans also did not really interpret or understand the stories and lessons and so a lot of information on the mfecane is unconfirmed in writing. Most …

… From the outset a large number of Indians were employed in non-sugar growing activities. A … was tea growing, which according to the Clayton Report of 1909 employed 1 722 indentured Indians. According to the … 606 indentured Indians. Many farmers in the midlands of Natal employed indentured Indians.  As these farmers owned …

… The exploitation of workers was a feature of life in South Africa for decades. Apartheid thrived on … laws. Nevertheless, trade unions were an important source of resistance. In the 1980s Cosatu organised mass strikes …

… In 1890 Cecil John Rhodes became premier of South Africa with the support of the Afrikaner Bond. Rhodes' grand imperial vision for a … stretching through British colonies down the length of the continent.  To this end, he successfully acquired …

… Causes and results of slavery A main cause of the trade was the colonies that European countries were … to develop. In America, for instance, which was a colony of England, there was a demand for many labourers for the …

… on 27 April 1994. The design and colours are a synopsis of principal elements of the country's flag history. Individual colours, or colour … therefore no universal symbolism should be attached to any of the colours. The central design of the flag, beginning at …

… by Merensky did not take place, as he states, as a result of Mswati's death, which occurred in 1868, but because the Regent, Malambule, had retained some of the Royal cattle and, upon being charged of this fact, had sought refuge with the missionary …

… By the late 1970s, and especially as a result of the June 1976 uprising , the Apartheid government was … pressured by growing political resistance to the policies of separate development from various quarters: the Black … the resurgent trade union movement, and the re-emergence of Charterist groupings that coalesced into the United …

… simple idea. It can be considered to be made up of the practices and traditions that are passed on from … traditions.  Yet heritage also includes that which is part of the national consciousness. A person who was born in South … heritage too, because they were born on the continent of Africa.  Clearly then, there are different types of …

… Black People were detained in separate camps, the issue of  Black Concentration Camps is dealt with in another … forces during Anglo-Boer War 2 (1899-1902). The first two of these camps (refugee camps) were established to house the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily, but very soon, …

… granted a monopoly to trade with Asia by the government of the Netherlands. Jan van Riebeeck Source: … images/jan.jpg Jan van Riebeeck, a representative of the VOC, established a station at the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, in 1652. The …

… word which translates to “forced removal) was a series of Nguni and other Zulu wars and forced migrations from the … Some historians argue that it was set off by the rise of Zulu Kingdom under King Shaka Zulu  (that formed part of the Mthethwa Chiefdom). While other historians argue that …

… Durban, Natal (now Kwazulu-Natal) drowned when the banks of the Umgeni (uMngeni) River burst after heavy rains. The … would have been much higher if it were not for the bravery of six seine-netters who saved 176 people from drowning. The … their captain, Mariemuthoo Padavatan. The rescue effort of the Padavatan Six is considered as one of the largest …

… the outcomes have been disappointing. In the case of Southern African countries such as Zimbabwe and Namibia, … freeze in time all that has gone before. In the course of colonial expansion in SA, millions of people were uprooted from their ancestral lands, often …

… and Venda. The Nguni represent nearly two thirds of South Africa's Black population and can be divided into … from Swaziland and adjacent areas, and the Ndebele people of the Northern Province and Mpumalanga. Archaeological … that the Bantu-speaking groups, that were the ancestors of the Nguni, migrated down from East Africa as early as the …

… This was a group or collective of young South African artists who, upon their return from … values propounded by the South African Society of Artists. At the time of its formation its members were concerned primarily with …

… For more than 95% of the last 100 000 years, most people all over the world followed a hunting and gathering way of life. Until recently, people living by hunting and gathering could still be found in different parts of the world. Over the last century, and particularly over …

… African people begin to settle in South Africa. Hundreds of years later the first Europeans set foot on South African … 4 to 1.5 million years ago. 3 000 000 BP The discovery of the oldest complete fossilised hominid or human-like … years old by the Geomagnetism Laboratory at the University of Liverpool. 2 500 000 BP The skull of 'Mrs Ples' and the …

… heritage month, when the histories and cultural practices of all its peoples are celebrated and due recognition given … and women who have contributed to the heritage and culture of the nation. Freedom of cultural, religious and linguistic expression is enshrined …

… The landscape of Black political activity in the 1960s was different that of the previous decade. The apartheid government had banished … not imprisoned by the state, fled into exile. A barrage of restrictive legislation effectively silenced Black …