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… Prime Ministers from the NP (equivalent to the position of President today): Following constitutional reforms in 1984, the office of State President became an executive post, as in the United States, and the office of Prime Minister of South Africa was abolished (see State …

… European ‘Discovery’ of the Americas Where and what is America? 'America' has more … one meaning. It is usually taken to mean the United States of America (USA), one of the countries on the North American continent. Americas …

… the Nguni and Sotho account for the largest percentage of the total Black population. The major Sotho groups are the … 3 million in South Africa and 1 million in the nation of Botswana. In South Africa, many Tswana live in the area that formed the numerous segments of the former homeland, Bophuthatswana, as well as …

… emphasis from the author to the reader, or the production of art to its reception. Reception/perception problematises issues surrounding the discipline of art history and art criticism, the latter being a field … Africa. Papers could also explore a changing perception of the significance / insignificance of particular artists, …

… River and settled near a spring (fountain) in the vicinity of the current Old Presidency in Bloemfontein. He named his … a small pioneer house and laid down a garden. The founding of Bloemfontein In 1846, Major H.D. Warden was appointed British Resident of the area between the Orange and the Vaal rivers, to …

… in 1990. The SWA territory was entrusted by the League of Nations to South Africa under an administrative mandate … movement in the early 1960s because it had the support of the Ovambo, the largest ethnic group in Namibia. More a … positions. On 26 August 1966 the first major clash of the conflict took place, when a unit of the South African …

… 1995, armed youth gangs in Alexandra Township outside of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, destroyed the homes and property of suspected undocumented migrants and marched the … were thrown from a moving train in Johannesburg by a group of individuals returning from a rally organised by a group …

… The rounding of the Cape and the establishment of the trade route to the Far East had far reaching … the Cape, but for Southern Africa. Firstly, ‘discovery’ of the Cape by European sailors resulted in the increasing …

… der Waal’s chapter in “Critical Essays on Afrikaans Places of Memory” The term ‘Bantu has gone through various shifts in … “historical moment, social positionality and experience of users”. [1] In its indigenous sense, it relates to kinship … colonists) is the Zulu word for people. It is the plural of the word 'umuntu', meaning 'person', and is based on the …

… The NIC (Natal Indian Congress) was the first of the Indian Congresses to be formed. It was established in … to more militant protests, by the 1950s and 1960s several of the NIC?s leaders were in jail. Although the NIC itself was not banned, this harassment of its leaders and the repressive conditions at that time, …

… The three Basotho Wars (1858-68) and the formation of Lesotho The conflict between the Basotho people and White … in what is now the Free State/ Lesotho area, consisted of three wars (1858- 68). The purpose of these three wars was the maintenance of territorial rights …

… Africa between 2 000 and 1 700 years ago. The study of Iron Age archaeology provides a history for the majority of present-day southern African and South African citizens. … as people made tools from iron, but all the other facets of these societies should not be ignored. Archaeologists …

… On 14 July 1789 hundreds of French city workers stormed the Bastille fortress in Paris. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution, which would last for 10 years. The … ruling order to force change. The Bastille was a symbol of the Old Order and its fall symbolized the collapse of the …

… Cape Town has a long history of the struggle against racial discrimination and social injustice. Some of the earlier struggles against injustice manifested … sailors and later Dutch settlers. Various groups of people such as the Khoikhoi , San , slaves and African …

… Many Jews wear a tallit, or prayer shawl, to remond them of God's law. Sources: www.ida.net Jews, like Christians and … that God created everything and that he is the lord of the universe. They also believe that they have a Covenant, … world. Jews live their daily lives according to the rules of the Torah. These rules cover nearly every part of daily …

… This article was written by Jerry Saena and forms part of the SAHO and Southern Methodist University partnership … which assisted with her important role in the abolishment of apartheid. She wrote major articles and books that would … with the struggle against the inequality, and directed all of her own campaigns in exposing the apartheid government to …

… on 17 December 1961 in Durban under the auspices of the banned African National Congress (ANC). At the time of its formation, Durban was the centre of Black student life in the country. The association’s …

… land), with eventually only the western and northern areas of the Cape not dominated by them. 1500 The power of the Portuguese nation begins to decline. This marks the start of many European nations pursuing the sea route rather than …

… was in mourning for those killed in the Boipatong Massacre of 17 June 1992, the Bisho Massacre added to the bleak … took place on 7 September 1992 in Bisho, then the capital of Ciskei (an independent homeland or Bantustan), amid tense … a memorandum to the government requesting that the regime of military leader Brigadier Joshua ‘Oupa’ Gqozo be replaced …

… a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of Apartheid. Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard at the TRC. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request amnesty …

… as a residential area. 1912 Sophiatown has the first of its inhabitants. These are mainly white families 1912-1921 … to growth in the other adjacent freehold townships of Newclare and Matindale. 1932-1937 Successful slum … During the war years Sophiatown continues to grow. Some of the residents, Africans included, enlisted in the army. …

… The EFF sees economic freedom as total ownership of economic and natural resources by the previously oppressed … own economic resources for the development and upliftment of their own lives’. Their radical, leftist, anti-capitalist … from the broad  Marxist-Leninist   and  Fanonian  schools of thought. The party calls for the nationalisation of mines, …

… Causes of the War The First Anglo-Boer is also known as the First Transvaal War of Independence because the conflict arose between the … in the Orange Free State. There were several causes of the First Anglo-Boer War. The expansion of the British …

… Pre-1804 Khoisan hunter gatherers are the first inhabitants of the region, before Sotho-Tswana peoples colonized the … the third and 11th centuries. 1804 Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, forms his own clan. 1822 Basutoland …

… agree on a common commitment towards the resolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation from whatever quarter as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations. Flowing from this commitment, the following …

… 1906 11 September, A mass meeting of Indians took place at the Empire Theatre  in Johannesburg … November, established as the deadline for the registration of Asian immigrants 28 December: first arrests of Asians for refusing to register 1908 Jan Smuts proclaims …

… in New Brighton, Kwazakhele and Motherwell townships of Port Elizabeth. It was a community organisation with the aim of promoting and assisting artists through workshops and exhibitions. It was formed during a time of extreme repression and under the State of Emergency. …

… the Segregated city Towards Union The Afrikaner character of the town persisted after Union in 1910, and there was … to the area. The population, according to the 1916 edition of The Guide to South and East Africa , stood at 900 whites … defeated in Zoutspansdrift in August 1914. Three regiments of Kgafela-Kgatla served with the British in South West …