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… democratic election in 1994, 19,726,579 votes were counted and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. The African National … (ANC) in alliance with the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party fell slightly short of … majority. The Government of National Unity was established and headed by Nelson Mandela as a president and FW De Klerk …

… Contents 1910-1950 Apartheid ideology and implementation from 1950 Conclusion 1910-1950 By 1950, … to establish separate locations for their Black citizens, and made Black residents in ‘White’ areas subject to a permit … extended into the now-infamous dompas . The Native Land and Trust Act of 1936 also precluded Blacks from purchasing …

… Introduction Staffrider was a South African literary and arts magazine published by Ravan Press in Johannesburg from 1978 to 1993. It took its name and identity from township slang referring to black youth who … as possible. [ii] According to the founding editor, and head of Raven Press Mike Kirkwood, the name was chosen …

… of the Zulu kingdom 1879 -1896 In the 1870s settler and colonial determination to bring Blacks under firm … in economic conditions in South Africa's hinterland, and the consequent need to secure sufficient political … authority over Africans- which would ensure security and access to labour. These societies attempted to resist the …

… part of 1959, PAC membership was still below expectations, and it became clear to the leadership that the movement would … have to produce some concrete results if it vented to hold and increase its following. When the national executive … that plans for "positive action" would be drawn up, and the Golden City Post had mooted that the PAC was …

… 1 In spite many leading representatives of the Coloured and Malay people, the Minister of the Interior, Mr. Lawrence, … with "leading lured community". Who are leaders, and why the secrecy about this "consultation"? If the … the Coloured community. This policy was one of residential and social segregation and political discrimination. General …

… the nation," positioning women as central to the nurturing and advancement of the black community. Historical Background … issues of education, housing, labour, rural development, and detentions before its banning. Following the formation of … 1982, AZAPO formed the Black Domestic Workers' Association and Black Women Unite. These were subsequently consolidated …

… Protector's Office about unfair conditions of employment and ill-treatment in Natal. The official who recorded the … could be exaggerated. The complaints lodged in Madras and in Calcutta reached the Government of India.  As a result … appointed in August 1872 to inquire into the conditions and mode of employment and complaints of returned Indian …

… history in two parts, namely; Emerging African Nationalism and Working-Class and Popular Resistance 1900-1950s , and The Armed Struggle and Popular Resistance 1960-1994 …

… Podocarpus latifolius The Yellowwood family is primeval and has been present in this part of Africa for more than 100 million years. The species is widespread and is found from Table Mountain, along the southern and eastern Cape coast, in the ravines of the Drakensberg up …

… the former Progressive Federal Party, Independent Party and National Democratic Movement merged. Under the combined leadership of Zach de Beer , Denis Worrall and Wynand Malan, the DP won 36 seats in Parliament in the … policy. The PP took a stand on constitutional reform, and called for an entrenched Constitution that incorporated a …

… Cape increase from 1150 to 6045 in the period between 1882 and 1886. 1879 The Native Educational Association (NEA) is formed. Its aim was to “improve and elevate native races.” In addition the NEA sought to promote “social morality and general welfare of the natives.” The association made …

… of violence on this date. Popularly called Dingaans Day and later renamed the Day of the Vow, 16 December … bombs ”¦We neatly wrapped each bomb in Christmas paper and delivered them to different combat units”¦" By 15 … the National High Command to attack government offices and were reminded to avoid loss of life. On the morning of 16 …

… 1900 - 1909 1900 January 7, Ambulance corps is reformed and stationed at Estcourt. January 21, Corps in action at … Queen's death. February 2, Lays wreath at Queen's statue and pays tribute to her at memorial meeting. March 25, Wires … regulations, such as exclusion from walking on footpaths, and requests repeal or modification of laws. May 21, …

… had defeated the Zulus at the Battle of the Blood River and it was perhaps significant that the armed struggle was … , together with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the members of the Congress Alliance, the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People’s Congress and the Congress of the Democrats, had been engaged in …

… that there is evidence of YCL activities in Johannesburg and Cape Town in 1921. Edward Roux , who was to play a … (CPSA) , for 17 years, noted in his autobiography that he and a number of other young people had formed a Communist … period was immediately after the formation CPSA in 1921 and the second was in the 1940s against the background of the …

… its own anti-pass campaign. Early in 1960 both the ANC and PAC embarked on a feverish drive to prepare their members and Black communities for the proposed nationwide campaigns. … to leave their passes at home on the appointed date and gather at police stations around the country, making …

… Mau uprising began in 1952 as a reaction to inequalities and injustices in British-controlled Kenya. The response of … to the British regime had clearly been demonstrated and Kenya was set on the path to independence, which was … of the Sultan of Zanzibar, but pressure from Britain and its military had forced the Sultan to hand over the …

… On 9 January 1973, workers at the Coronation Brick and Tile factory, outside Durban, came out on strike. … thereafter, workers from small packaging, transport and ship repairs companies also came out on strike. By the … come out on strike. South Africa’s Apartheid Government and its White capitalist allies were shaken by, presumably, …

… 1 January Battle of Artois and Champagne in France begins. 31 January 1915 The German … Suez Canal; used to ferry troops from India, Australia and New Zealand to the Western Front. 18 February Germany begins a U-Boat campaign, attacking merchant and passenger shipping around the British Isles. 10–13 March …

… Barry Gilder – The ANC Musician, Soldier, and Spy Abstract Barry Gilder is one of South Africa’s most … anti-apartheid musician, an uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) fighter, and a top intelligence officer. Key Words Barry Gilder, … time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our …

… that remained inside South Africa faced arrest, detention and banning orders, further crippling the political … 21 other people in 1970. Workers went on strike in 1970 and in 1973 in Durban. During this period Mozambique, which shares a border with South Africa, and Angola, which shares a border with a Namibia under South …

… Background During the 1930s and 1940s, there were few black workers organisations in … during this period. Poor wages, bad working conditions and the contract system had been a perpetual focus of … main union was the Universal Negro Improvement Association and a Cape Coloured Institution known as the International …

… 1970 16 February, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and 21 others, who were detained under the Suppression of … including Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, are re-detained and recharged. They are placed in solitary confinement at the … force. It strips Blacks of their South African citizenship and makes them citizens of one of the homelands or Bantustans …

… The Cold War was the period of conflict and competition between the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union, and their respective allies. From the end of World War II …

… tend to focus on technical aspects, such as the material and techniques used. Their studies have revealed that ochre was used as paint and an albuminous binding media. The paintings consisted mainly of human figures, animals and some abstract figures with geometric origin. A transition …

… Organisations Act on 7 April 1960, banning the ANC and the PAC. By 6 May 1960, 18,000 persons were detained … the General Laws Amendment Act (90-day detention law) and later the Sabotage Act, specifically aimed at MK and Poqo, which had gone underground by now. On June 16, 1976 …

… War, there was a struggle between two world powers, the US and Russia. Why was it called the ‘Cold War’ ? The reason lay in the threat of new and even deadlier weapons of nuclear technology that … of more vulnerable states through extensive military and financial aid, espionage, propaganda, rivalry over …

… The people involved in this were the Basotho, the Boers and the British. Of these, the British, who had taken over … by Britain who could provide them with a well-organised and well-equipped army. It was the presence of the British … African kingdoms in the country, like the Xhosa, the Zulu and the Pedi. The story of the Basotho in the 19th Century …

… required in the curriculum. Human rights issues during and after World War II: When reading about the Holocaust, it … of over-simplifications. Be careful of your own prejudices and stereotypes. Learning about the Holocaust can help us to think about, and participate in creating a more caring and just society in …