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… Becoming a Republic and withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961 …

… Trade unionism blossoms and women become more assertive, 1930s …

… Thoughts on Bongiwe and the role of Revolutionary Art …

… Documents, Video and interviews relating to United Democratic Front …

… Lineages of Freedom: a Celebration of Culture and Shared Ties …

… The ANC and other Forces of Resistance after Union …

… A list of Books and Speeches pertaining to Robert Sobukwe …

… known of his background except that he was Xhosa-speaking and born about 1900. About 1924 he enrolled in the  Communist … Africa  (CPSA) night school in Ferreirastown, Johannesburg and soon joined the Young Communist League as one of its … When  Clements Kadalie  began to establish the  Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union  (ICU) in the Transvaal in late …

… at the background information on the Russian revolution and the change to a Communist state in Russia, we have … Reforms Following the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin and his new communist government initiated many reforms. They took land from the Tsar, the church, nobles and other landlords, and redistributed it among the peasants …

… Jazz has had an especial role in the social and cultural politics of South Africa. This paper will trace … its function in the political struggle waged by Black and Colored musicians against the apartheid regime, from the … an incredible example of the convergence of race, protest, and memory in the performance as well as study of jazz. …

… Sport, Race, and Liberation Before Apartheid: A Preliminary Study of … President of the African National Congress (1952-1967) and the first African to be honored by the Nobel Committee … an earlier period in Luthuli's life, when the teacher and organizer (and later elected Zulu chief) engaged the …

… at the Cape. They got their food by hunting wild animals and gathering plant foods like fruits, nuts, berries, mushrooms and roots. Hunter-gatherers lived in small groups. They were … coated in poisons obtained from snakes, plants, beetles and scorpions. They made tools and musical instruments from …

… among our practising artists across former colonial and provincial divisions, and that it demanded the recognition of South African art at an official and national level. Its early membership was surprisingly … Message from the Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology …

… using pictures of black people unless they were rioting and which did not print the names of car accident victims … were white. 2 -- Donald McNeil Jr. Ideological propaganda and stringent censorship laws were two massive obstacles … Africa, the South African government's censorship laws, and how those censorship laws pertained to and affected …

… mass atrocities – particularly those committed by Germany and Japan - at the international level.  The International … Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremburg, Germany, and the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, established as first … powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union).  The Agreement included a charter for …

… gained most of its support in the secondary schools and universities. The role played by the Black Consciousness … an educational system that was representative of Africa and Africans. Most student leaders raised the concern that the current educational system was Euro-centric, and undermined African achievement. The Africanist revival of …

… faced unprecedented internal revolt – both in 1960 and in the 1980s – an Emergency was declared. This resulted … of political activists within a short space of time, and an exodus of some to a life in exile. In 1960, for the … threatened to derail plans to implement apartheid measures and thus consolidate white minority rule. In the 1980s …

… the tricameral parliament was designed to co-opt Coloureds and Indians and to bring a renewed legitimacy to the Apartheid regime, … the country was taking. The beginning of a sustained and violent uprising in the townships of the Vaal Triangle in … In Conclusion: The Decline and Fall of the Tricameral Parliament …

… had been achieved under white minority through violence and racially discriminative legislation, the new government had to strike a balance between nation building and addressing the land issue. New legislative frameworks … the lodging of land claims, expropriation, redistribution and restitution were established. The government intended to …

… was born into a world of war, revolutionary upheaval and a worldwide influenza pandemic. In July 1918, when … Allies - Great Britain, France, Russia - in April 1917, and sent troops to reinforce the Western Front (see Map 1. In … Line at several points. When Germany’s allies, Bulgaria and Turkey concluded armistice treaties in October, the end …

… a semester, students undertake research, develop writing and analytical skills, and meet virtually with SAHO researchers who support their … Previous research topics have surrounded the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2012-2013), twenty years of … South African History Online and Southern Methodist University Partnership Project …

… the new president of the African National Congress (ANC), and a period of greater action was introduced. Xuma was still moderate, and called for the unity of all African people. He managed to … new communication lines, improving the financial position and organisational efficiency. This revival was also a result …

… Africa 15 CE     Khoikhoi herders migrated southward and converted many San to herding which weakened … in the summer rainfall regions. They initially lived and worked alongside the San, however, they eventually became more powerful in terms of population size and land ownership. The San lost their dominance. 1652       …

… ...of slips and clues and kneeling Blacks, and little Transkei kings ... …

… Islam : the Muslim religion, based on belief in one God and revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah Kingdom … in detail Slave : a person who is owned by another person and is forced to work for them Trade : the activity of buying and selling or of exchanging goods or services between people …

… that affected all black people. The SANNC sent petitions and deputations, but were not able to prevent the passing of the Land Act. Another deputation was sent to London and was received by the Secretary of State for Colonies, … declared their loyalty to the British during the war, and put forward their grievances. However, once again the …

… the ranks of uMkhonto weSizwe (MK). He received military and political training at Novo Katenga in Angola. Jabane … in appreciation of the contribution made by the government and the people of Cuba to the liberation struggle of … bestowed The National Order of Mendi for Bravery, in Gold, posthumously, on Petrus Linda Jabane for bravery and …

… Its primary justification was that of sanitation (Dison and Mohamed, 1960: 24). 1894 The Glen Gray Act, passed by … in the Cape, restricted the ability of African men to own and (Root Wachira, 2009: 668). It also imposed a labour tax … within areas already set aside of those groups under the Gold Law or old Transvaal legislation. Section 9.2h empowered …

…   Poet Critical Writings and Interviews Publications Date Keorapetsi Kgositsile The … Serote by Duncan Brown       In Theoria: Jounal of Social and Political Theory   October, 1992 Wopko Jensma   Sing for … Black South African Poets of the 1970’s and their Publications …

… From the book:  Working Life - Factories, Township and Popular Culture 1886 - 1940 by Luli Callinicos Topic NEW … work. This section traces the rise of the semi-skilled worker and new worker organisations. Cheaper labour The new … Nationalism in the Unions, and also THE DIVIDED WORKERS of Gold and Workers. The 1922 strike for example, started by the …