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50. The campaign resumed in 1913
… Licensing Act, the Natal Licensing Act, the Gold and the Township Laws of the Transvaal and the existing Immigration …
EventAt least 150 people die in clashes between the ANC and IFP
Between 1985 and 1990, political violence was a common occurrence in South Africa, with Black townships most affected. The violence took place under the State…
ArchiveCHAPTER SEVEN: Resistance Politics In Retreat: Cablism, The ANC Underground And Gandhi, 1985-1989 by Kumi Naidoo
This chapter comes from the book
The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970
During Apartheid, starting from the late 1950s the South African Government attempted to divide South Africa into a number of separate states, called homelands…
ArticleBlack Consciousness Movement (BCM)
On 12 September 1977, the Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko died while in the custody of security police. The period leading up to his death, beginning…
In Conclusion: The Decline and Fall of the Tricameral Parliament
While the tricameral parliament was designed to co-opt Coloureds and Indians and to bring a renewed legitimacy to the Apartheid regime, developments in the…
The Ideology of the Black Consciousness Movement
The emergence of the Black Consciousness movement that swept across the country in the 1970s can best be explained in the context of the events from 1960…
The Freedom struggle in Rustenburg
… had become impossible in the turbulent metropolitan township. On 8 August 1976, students in Mmabatho burned down …
ArticleWomen in the Cities and the Resistance Movement
PlaceCape Saint Francis, Lighthouse in the Eastern Cape
… light keeper and two light keepers. In recent years a Township has been developed near the lighthouse which is no …
EventSA President P.W Botha meets with leaders of independent homelands
The leaders of the four 'independent' homelands, namely; Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda, attended a five-nation summit in Pretoria, chaired by the…
ArticleA Charge of Treason by Norman Levy
… in a major bus boycott in Johannesburg’s Alexandra township where the Congress leadership, heads huddled closely … even as they were moved in government…
ArticleZion Christian Church (ZCC)
The largest and fastest-growing of the African independent churches in the 1990s is the Zion Christian Church[i] . Its members, estimated to number between 2…
EventEnforcement of military conscription for all white males in SA
The Union Defence Force was created in 1912 and served as the South African Army. It was renamed as the South African Defence Force (SADF) by the passing of…
ArchiveReminiscences of the Arrest of Fikile Bam & Marcus Solomon in 1963 by Roseinnes Phahle, August 2019
… to the overwhelming majority of his ragged peers in the township. In his adulthood, Arthur reciprocated his mother’s … is a form of illegal betting game…
ArchiveCHAPTER SIX: The Politics Of Non-Collaboration: The Campaign To Boycott The Tricameral Elections by Kumi Naidoo
This chapter comes from the book
The Politics of non-Collaboration: The Campaign to Boycott the Tricameral Elections
… election day. By contrast, in Lenasia, the largest Indian township in the Transvaal, violent clashes occurred between … and reported back to a central office…
Chapter 3: The Role of the Police and the Government in Vigilante Activities
… police station to protest against police action in the township. They claimed that the SAP was supporting the IFP in … supporters in the street. The 13 buses…
4. The ANC underground between Rivonia and 1976
… among PAC returned prisoners like Simon Ramogale in the township of Tembisa in the East Rand in the late 1960s. 34 … the earlier period, an underground…
ArchiveIntroduction: Mdantsane
Forced removals in East London and urban relocation, including the history of Mdantsane and other East London townships.
ArchiveCreating a culture of debate
Article about political intolerance that has gripped many townships, published in Work in Progress, volume 73, March/April, 1991.
ArchiveStrategies of Repression in the State of Emergency
Article by the United Democratic Front on the State of Emergency and the counter-revolutionary forces in the townships.
ArchiveSix testimonios: bearing testimony - the stories of six ordinary lives
Personal life stories of six residents of Grahamstown's black townships: Nomelikhaya Lukwi, Nontebeko Tom, Gertrude Sukele, Ndoda Siwa, Johnson Mountain,…
ArchiveJune 16 : The doors of learning and culture shall be opened to all
Black and white poster. 1985 - 30 years of the Charter. Image of tank and people running. COSAS says out of our schools and townships.
ArchiveNondweni or Some South African boat people: Paper presented at National Conference 1980
Nondweni or Some South African boat people -Paper presented at National Conference on 12 March 1980 discussing informal settlements, townships, living…
ArchiveAfrican middle class elite
A research project conducted under the auspices of the Institute for Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University and dealing with the black townships of…
ArchiveJohnny Clegg: South Africa’s universal man of uncommon passion by David Coplan, 25 July 2019
… to South Africa as a researcher for a documentary on “township music”. Like me, Johnny was a devotee of African …
PlaceWitwatersrand, Johannesburg (Gauteng)
… village of Ferreira’s Camp to transform into the Ferreira Township , as miners settled in the region hoping to strike …
WEKTU 1986 : 1987 Calendar
Black, white and grey poster. Artwork of conflict in townships. Western Cape Teachers Union calendar. Dedicated to the struggle and sacrifice of the youth in…
ArchiveRemember June 16: freedom or death victory is certain
Red and white with artwork of people protesting and flying banners. Words on banners: Viva peoples education; and; Away with gutter education. Issued by CAYCO…