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… nineteenth century, the territory was claimed and occupied by an expansionist European power, in this case Germany. … cultures were gradually being destroyed. A rebellion by Herero people in Namibia broke out in January 1904 and … farm attacks flocked to urban areas for protection. By 14 January the violence had spread as far as Omarasa, …

… which ruled the country, claimed that SWAPO was dominated by the Ovambo tribe, which made up more than half the … from South Africa. Although Namibia’s terrain is dominated by desert, the country holds large deposits of valuable … people of Namibia lived under repressive laws put in place by the South African government, which led to resistance from …

… which was mainly executed through forced prison labour. By the late 1800s, the idea of imprisonment shifted with the … through the labour of prisoners. This was often supported by an ideology that labour was a means of introducing … demand. Under colonialism, prison camps were widely used by colonial rulers to ensure an accessible supply of forced …

… of Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela in South Africa 1 by Nelson Mandela Gandhi threatened the South African … People's Organisation (APO) was established in 1902, the ANC in 1912, so that both were witnesses to and highly influenced by Gandhi's militant satyagraha which began in 1907 and …

… school on the Isipingo plantation which was attended by both Natives and Indians. 1867 20 September, Lieutenant … school on the Isipingo plantation which was attended by both Natives and Indians. 1867 20 September, Lieutenant … was Mr Barker?s school at Umzinto which was also attended by Natives and Indians.  The school was an evening school. …

… that were undertaken under its auspices were carried out by formations that embraced BPC’s Black Consciousness (BC) philosophy. The Pro-Frelimo rally staged by students at the University of the North and the historic … student uprising in Soweto on 16 June 1976 were inspired by BPC and its BC philosophy. It is for this reason that many …

… practising artists, was greeted with much optimism, and by 1906 it was confidently described as a society "with no … or submitted work to SASA's annual exhibitions. However, by 1950, overtaken by rapid change, it came to be regarded as "sterile and …

… the War began most of the world’s governments were ruled by imperial monarchies such as Tsarist Russia, Imperial Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. By the end of the War, revolutions in Germany, Austria and … rebelled against the suffering and deprivation imposed by the War. The First World War had a huge impact on the …

… Inqaba ya basebenzi, published in London by the Marxist Workers' Tendency of the African National … of workers. Trade union action in the struggle for power by united workers is documented at length. Strikes by mineworkers, factory workers and transport workers are …

… As Africa was largely unexplored by Europeans for many centuries the maps that were created were by and large grossly inaccurate. They are still a fascinating … where he settled in 1529 and later died of the plague. By soliciting descriptions and maps from German scholars and …

… From the book:  My Spirit Is Not Banned by Frances Baard and Barbie Schreiner All this time there was … petitions with her to give to Strijdom. It is two days by train from Port Elizabeth to Pretoria. Two days on the … a terrible thing. 1959 was declared Anti-Pass Year by the ANC in honour of the women because we fought so bravely …

… from exploitation and oppression. The split was caused by different political and ideological affiliations. … politics. The passing of the Suppression of Communism Act by the government in 1950 enabled the state to increase its … and SACTU’s responses Apart from racial intolerance by White trade unions, the government also passed repressive …

… The 1946 mine workers' strike was led by the African Mine Workers Union, whose president was … Party. Black workers were introduced to trade unionism by the early struggles of white British workers who had begun … a very representative miners' conference was called by the Transvaal Provincial Committee of the African National …

… Mozambican were thrown from a moving train in Johannesburg by a group of individuals returning from a rally organised by a group blaming foreigners for the levels of unemployment, … killed on the Cape Flats. Amongst those who were attacked by local South Africans were two Nigerians, one Kenyan, and …

… have been known as the PROSPECT mission. It was visited by James Backhouse in February 1839 (p 226), who recorded it … 1851 ITAKA, Natal: HM ITEMBA , Cape: Bn. It was visited by James Backhouse in February 1839 (p 242), who recorded the … from rheumatism, which had been greatly aggravated by working, on his hands and knees, among wet clay, in making …

… is democratic Property is privately owned Driven by free enterprise Wealth distributed unevenly Education and health care provided by private entities Freedom of the press Class distinctions: … System of government is totalitarian Property is owned by the state No free enterprise is allowed Wealth distributed …

… The legal basis for land restitution is provided by the 1993 Interim Constitution, section 25(7) of the 1996 … that the processing and finalisation of claimants improved by the end of year 2000. The Land Claims Commission and the … specialises in dealing with disputes that are not solved by the land claims commission and arise out of laws that …

… and British imperialism in South Africa, driven by economic and political ambitions, and the individual … rebuilding the country, in particular the mining industry. By the end of the 19th century, the indigenous peoples of … of thousands of Chinese to undercut any resistance by African mineworkers. Black, Coloured and Indian resentment …

… of diverse collaborations and performances once held by the annual Spier Summer Season, Infecting The City received funding for the project by Spier to create the festival with “a singular aim – to … permission to express ourselves in our human capacity by creating these spaces of interventions in public areas. …

… the scattered Sotho peoples who had been driven apart by Zulu and Ndebele raids, and for creating Lesotho, the … was in a strong position, the tribe was still attacked by various other groups, like Sekonyela and the Tlokwa. … As a result of erosion of the sandstone in the area by the lowland rivers, flat-topped and freestanding mountains …

… universities and teacher training colleges, and by the second congress in Stutterheim in July 1968, 60 … the white-dominated organisation should ideally be led by black students, but he also expressed concerns that the … leaked to the press, and was perceived to be an attempt by radicals to take over the body, resulting in Driver’s …

… Introduction The South Africa Act passed by the British Parliament in 1909 combined the self-governing … were offered collaborator candidates who were chosen by the white South African government. The elections in the … held concurrently. All the elections are conducted by the Independent Electoral Commission  of South Africa, an …

… Most incidents of violent attacks have been carried out by black South Africans. Overview The history of refugees and … is generally defined as ‘the deep dislike of non-nationals by nationals of a recipient state.’ This definition is also used by the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC).  …

… or Vacant Land Theory is a theory that was propagated by European settlers in nineteenth-century South Africa to … had mostly been an ‘empty land’. The theory outlined by Holden claimed that the Bantu had begun to migrate … Bantu. Myths of empty and vacant land were common currency by the mid-1840s. The Graham's Town Journal argued in 1838, …

… to the shores of the Cape and Table Bay as a halfway stop by the East India Company on their trading trips to the East. … In an armed conflict that ensued, the Dutch were defeated by the British and an estimated 1200 British infantry forces … language. The Dutch garrison at the castle was replaced by English soldiers. There was a steady immigration of …

… Connection: Western Investment in Apartheid , edited by First, J Steele and C Gurney, is published. 1970 First’s … Muammar Gaddafi responds  to questions submitted to him by Ruth First about his background and activities in the RCC. … Libya: the Elusive Revolution , based on field interviews by First, is published. 1977 First is appointed professor and …

… speakers, in this case in what is now Tanzania. By 1500 the Sotho groups had expanded to the south and west … this part of the country, because Iron Age sites studied by them resemble the areas reported by early eyewitnesses very closely. The South Sotho cluster …

… over time proclamations were made and laws were enacted by both the Afrikaners and the British to dislodge African … land while consolidating areas of White settlement. Thus, by the time the Land Act of 1913 was enacted, South Africa … a farmer and an election candidate for Tembuland sponsored by Afrikaner Bond complained about the overpopulation of …

… reflected the situation of oppression, but also was marked by an analytical character. Looking at the interiority of … in South Africa came to dominate cultural expression. By contrast, material that contained any sense of defeat or … of the poetic renaissance of the Black Consciousness era. By 1970, the SASO Newsletter was also publishing poetry and …

… as well as conflictual, but all were eventually vanquished by the Whites, either Boer or Briton, and by the late nineteenth century the Boers established … to the towns and settlements in the surrounding region. By the 20th century it was firmly established as a developing …