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… in the 1970s The Black Consciousness Movement, led by Steve Biko, was a new source of resistance that had arisen … leader, political activist and student leader. (Photograph by Drum photographer © Baileys Archive) In 1975 a group of politically active women headed by Fatima Meer , established the Black Women's Federation …

… the family, statistics show that women are most affected by this form of violence. In many domestic violence cases women and girls are often battered and even killed by their partners/relatives. Fear of abandonment often … It should be highlighted that women are not only abused by people familiar to them. They are also exposed and …

… the immigrants acted in response to proclamations made by fellow countrymen, having already established themselves … African rural lifestyle [viii] . The adoption of Afrikaans by Eastern European Jews is often cited to be due to their … could perhaps be traced to the notable support showed by the Russian Empire towards Afrikaners during the South …

… 1987 22 May-20 June, The first Rugby World Cup is hosted by Australia and New Zealand. New Zealand wins the tournament … . 1991 3 October-2 November, The Rugby World Cup is hosted by the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. Australia defeats … 1999 1 October- 6 November, The Rugby World Cup is hosted by Wales with matches played in four countries, namely …

… of South Africa (TUCSA) was founded in October 1954 by 61 unions mainly representing White workers and mixed … Trade and Labour Council, which was formed in the 1930s by various trade unions from different backgrounds. They … The largely racially mixed unions were also concerned by government attempts to dissolve multi-racial unions. …

… which provided evening classes for the poorer children. By 1899, there were 2088, we assume, White pupils in … 1854, a boarding school for boys and girls was established by P. Hoendervangers, who played an important role in the … opened in 1858. In 1857, an English school was opened by C Wilmot at the back of the house of M Hopkins, while Mrs. …

… Governor of the Cape. In 1836-7 the region was settled by numbers of disaffected Dutch farmers from the Cape, who, … approval, and in 1842 a British force of 300 men, led by Capt Smith, after a number of brief skirmishes, brought … leave the province, resettling in the OFS and Transvaal. By 1845, when Martin West was appointed the colony’s first …

… The Constitutional Court was established in 1994 by South Africa's first democratic constitution - the interim … open. This issue was debated at a conference organised by the Constitutional Committee of the ANC in 1991. What … form, such as that of Germany: able to hear cases by direct access, as well as by referral and on appeal. A …

… near Dandi where Gandhi had broken Salt law on March 5, by the British District Magistrate of Surat under Regulation … return to India from England. Released unconditionally by Government at night on September 20, 1932 after he had … August 20, removed to Sassoon Hospital, still a prisoner. By August 23, his condition was serious and he was released …

… Mail . During the course of the uprising, he was assaulted by the police on many occasions. Subsequently his nose was broken by a police club and he was hospitalised for 5 days. In … The son was killed outside their house, chopped to pieces, by an angry mob. He had killed the Leader of the group who …

… paralyzed with indecision. The event has been seen by some as a turning point in South African history. Kgosana … He was tricked into dispersing the crowd and was arrested by the police later that day. Along with other PAC leaders he … left the country and went into exile. This march is seen by many as a turning point in South African history. On the …

… organisation in South Africa. It was started in 1918 by one of our earliest women activists, Dr Charlotte Maxeke . One of the issues at stake was the carrying of passes by black women. The pass came to be seen as a symbol of … not have to carry passes. In March 1912, a petition signed by some 5 000 Black and Coloured women in the Free State, was …

… meal. Broke fast on January 18 on written assurance given by leaders to maintain communal peace. January 30, at an evening prayer Gandhi was approached by Godse who fired three shots into him. Gandhi died soon … His death marked a period of intense mourning followed by an escalation of violence between Pakistan and India. …

… April, The first formal school in South Africa is opened by the Dutch East India Company. It is specifically intended … the Cape. This interrupts educational reforms put in place by the School Ordinance. 1815 The British take over the Cape … 1824 The famous mission station, Lovedale, is founded by the Glasgow Missionary Society near present-day Alice in …

… the Spanish were looking for a western route. Sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, the Italian … trading stations to finance his voyages. The attempts by Columbus and da Gama to find new trade routes to the East … to further expand trade with the East. These were formed by merchant adventurers who travelled to the East after the …

… of the African National Congress (ANC), was jointly formed by leading members of the banned ANC and South African … Communist Party (SACP) in 1961. The decision was endorsed by the Congress Alliance. MK launched into action that same …   1961 16 December, The formation of uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) by the African National Congress (ANC), the South African …

… of Islam on Musa’s leadership will be highlighted by concentrating on his pilgrimage to Mecca and the … source Sometimes slaves carried goods as well. Travel by camel caravan was slow, strenuous, and dangerous. Hazards such as excessive heat, stifling sandstorms, death by starvation, thirst, and attacks by raiders added to the …

… The next section will discuss the state of Southern Africa by 1860, as well as indentured labourers from India working … Revolution in Britain, the state of Southern Africa by 1860’s, and diamond mining in Kimberley from 1867 onwards, … England and later in other countries, characterized mainly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, …

… the European powers carved up Africa amongst themselves. By 1914 all of Africa, except Liberia and Ethiopia, was under … countries faced in Africa after independence, illustrated by the Congo and Tanzania. The Scramble for Africa (or … liberation movements were influenced, in varying degrees, by Marxist doctrine. So the amalgamation of what it meant to …

… with the South African government, which is currently led by the African National Congress (ANC) towards a more unified … was seen as direct attack towards the Zulu Kingdom by Buthelezi. Buthelezi was so angered by this that he called on all traditional leaders to break …

… Please forward this page to other photographers by using the send to a friend tab View photographs by Jenny Altschuler from the Bonani Africa 2010 Conference at …

… from 1900-present day. It has been published decade by decade. The struggle for freedom and equality has its … in the early 1900s. This struggle was greatly influenced by women’s roles in local socialist and anti-colonial movements, as well as by the suffrage movements in the West. For more detail about …

… of conditions in the slums. This fear was exacerbated by the kinds of vice the discovery of gold brought to a … middle class and prostitutes who alarmed the authorities by sleeping also with black mine workers. Fifteen years after … 1913 pushed many black people to seek alternative earnings by coming to the Rand. The Klipspruit Native Location is …

… self-determination with dignity.  Largely influenced by their own religious - mainly Christian - beliefs, early … Africa. This venture was unsuccessful due to obstruction by both the US and British authorities concerned with the … fifth Congress held in Manchester, England and attended by Nkrumah, among others, a number of significant aspirations …

… and redressing their grievances, the government reacted by banning the ANC in all these districts." A year later, … in Rustenburg. The "Red Pimpernel", as he was referred to by newspapers, had decided not to attend the trial of SACP … Johannesburg, but was arrested in November, and convicted by May, after which he was jailed for life. Women from …

… Our ancestors survived by hunting wild animals and gathering berries and roots. The … in southern Africa most people were nomadic and survived by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants. Most … to conquer another. Some scientists say this was helped by the abundance of resources. Food and water were readily …

… communal and national life has been fundamentally altered by conversion to Christianity, schooling, and labour … breaking down rapidly. The name Tsonga was given to them by Zulu invaders who enslaved many clans between 1815 and … Other clans believe they came from Natal or Swaziland . By the nineteenth century historical facts about the Tsonga …

… the R6, 80 for females and R8, 50 for males recommended by the Wage Board was less than half of the Poverty Datum … in July 1972 were explosive, and were closely followed by two strikes when the PDL was not granted. In June 1972 at … showed little interest for the idea of a union, pitched by David Hemson. Instead, Harriet suggested a funeral benefit …

… The Significance of Indian Opinion by Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie Department of History, University of … he clarified the position. He expected these to be written by Gandhi. Over the years, Gandhi would direct the policy of … to explain what is the significance of this journal which by its second year had 887 subscribers. Over its entire 58 …

… in his autobiography, which was prepared for publication by non-vernacular-speaking friends. While noting this, the … spelling of 'Chief Luthuli' is more likely to be used by visitors. Mary Benson in her biography notes that Chief … near Bulawayo. 1895 John Luthuli is joined in Rhodesia by his wife, Mtonya. 1898 Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli is born …