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… economic power at a time when the economy was dominated by English capital. It was the result of a concerted push by Afrikaner leaders to transform Afrikanerdom into an … setting up industrial and other enterprises, so that by 1981 more than half of its profits were derived from …

… Africa, Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp 43-44, (Commissioned by the Department of Education)). This excerpt from Van … with surprising honesty, the sentiments expressed by the Khoikhoi leaders at the so-called peace talks in 1660, … war in the Cape. It was to be the first of many wars waged by settlers against the indigenous peoples of Southern Africa …

… of South Africa was founded in 1938 in Krugersdorp by the representatives of 20 amateur dramatic societies in South Africa. The Federation was led by the head of the Krugersdorp Municipal Dramatic and … ran in 30 districts with each district being run by representatives of the affiliated theatrical societies …

… Tradition, a documentary history, Volume One 1907 - 1950, by Allison Drew South Africa's Radical Tradition, a documentary history, Volume Two 1943 - 1964, by Allison Drew        Social Mobilization and Racial … Capitalism in South Africa, 1928- 1960, Los Angeles, 1991 by Allison Drew Between Empire and Revolution, A Life of …

… in land tenure systems. This approach was used extensively by Sir Theophilus Shepstone in KwaZulu Natal. When the Union … continued the system and refined it over time and adopted by NAD officials and administrators across all the provinces. … dispensation embodied in the Union of South Africa. By the end of the 19 th century, two forms of administrative …

… that broke out on 16 June 1976 was organised and directed by the Soweto Students Representative Council (SSRC) . Recent … the event suggest that the SSRC was motivated and guided by underground networks of the African National Congress … Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) . This has been confirmed by some student leaders who were actively involved in …

… however, a contentious issue, widely discussed and debated by ordinary people, participants and historians. Depending on … African Defence Forces (SADF) , a tactical withdrawal by the SADF, or, a stalemate. The battle, or more correctly … Cuanavale, in south-eastern Angola, between UNITA (aided by the SADF) and the Angolan army (FAPLA) aided by Cuba, the …

… to determine, but estimates tend to vary from 1485 by Fourie, through to the 1630-1670 period established by Van Warmelo. The latter dating is today regarded as the … which eventually brought his son, Musi, to the leadership. By that stage the group had already moved to Mnyamana, near …

… is in .pdf format (245 KB). History A proclamation issued by the (then) State President on 20 April 1994 in terms of … Suid-Afrika") Die "Stem van Suid-Afrika" is a poem written by CJ Langenhoven in May 1918. The music was composed by the Reverend ML de Villiers in 1921. The South African …

… background to the role of English in the Namibian public by tracing it within the country’s publication history. … presses inside the territory were owned and operated by missionaries, namely the Rhenish Mission Society and the … [10] 1950 Naro and his Clan: The Lost World of the Bushmen by Fritz Metzger is published. [11] Originally written in …

… there were 12 000 people living in the three townships. By 1931, the population had increased to 17 000 growing to 26 … City Council (JCC) in its slum clearance programme. Buoyed by increased revenue following South Africa's departure from … slum yards cleared, and Orlando being policed effectively by the JCC, many opted for the anonymity of freehold …

… Peter Strauss' "Diary of a man reading Spenser"; poems by Lawrence Lerner; Douglas Livingstone; Oswald Mtshali; Christopher Mann; Ruth Keech; and fiction by Alan Paton and Fiona Morphet and George Brendon. Reviews of new books by Wally Serote; James Fenton. Bolt was succeeded by the …

… only to unskilled work, which was performed mostly by Black people (Dugard 1978: 85; Horrell 1978: 6). Repealed by section 51 of the Second General Law Amendment Act No 94 … mining occupations to Whites and Coloureds only. Repealed by section 20 of the Mines and Works Amendment Act No 27 of …

… the Dutch government, the company expanded Dutch influence by taking possession of land, expanding trade routes and … to own land, build farms and improve food supply and by 1655 some company employees were growing their own … failed to thrive and produce enough food, while reluctance by the Khoikhoi to barter with Dutch settlers deprived them …

… townships and rural communities. The church is well known by the abbreviation, ZCC, pronounced "zed-see-see." The ZCC was established in 1924 by Joseph Engenas Matlhakanye Lekganyane , a farm worker in a … City, in the Northern Province. Lekganyane was educated by Scottish Presbyterian missionaries, and the church …

… People learn and are influenced by the places and the people around them. In a country like … many people have learned from stories told to them by their proud elders and community members. These stories … asked about the past and we will learn about their stories by asking them questions. Learners will collect information …

… open casket in his home before the funeral, attended by 20,000 mourners at King William's Town. Photograph by Drum Photographer © Baileys African History Archive. The … tortured and in a state of semi-consciousness, taken by road to Pretoria for further interrogation. He later died …

… open casket in his home before the funeral, attended by 20,000 mourners at King William's Town. Photograph by Drum Photographer © Baileys African History Archive. The … tortured and in a state of semi-consciousness, taken by road to Pretoria for further interrogation. He later died …

… When the Nationalist Party was elected to power in 1948 by a minority of the white electorate, their platform … policy did not change radically for the next twenty years, by the 1960s its dialectic had begun to move from its crude … ethnic, identity of its members. The anomalies presented by a growing black urban middle class who had found legal …

… mining occupations to whites and coloureds only. Repealed by s 20 of the Mines and Works Amendment Act No 27 of 1956 … "Native Union" 1912 112 stands are transferred to Indians. By 1934 the racial character of Pageview had changed a great deal by becoming racially mixed as a result of the unavailability …

… in workers politics and students. Students became inspired by a new working class politics founded on a vision of a … became a forum research on the democratic labour movement. By 1975, momentum built on all these fronts: workers were … GFWBF and these emergent organisations were being shaped by these new ideas transmitted though seminars. The state was …

… local tensions that reinforced and were in turn reinforced by the divide between AZAPO and the UDF. In what the Truth … celebration of Republic day. The initiative was organised by a broad front making up the Anti Republic Commemoration … whites in its ranks. This proposal, too, was rejected by the AZAPO leadership. The campaign went ahead anyway, …

… from governments across the globe, it was never celebrated by the South African government. This award pressured President P. W. Botha 's regime by its recognition of a visionary in the South African … to Prime Minister John Vorster dated May 6th 1976, written by Tutu Interviews On forging equality in South Africa - June …

… , Brian Bunting and Ray Alexander . This law was repealed by section 33 of the Internal Security and Intimidation … areas. The influx into the big cities was stimulated by the booming economy. To counter the influx and consolidate … was attempting to keep riots and any other form of threat by non-Whites on the White population group, under control. …

… Marianhill, Natal. The conference was exclusively attended by Black students. After its launch SASO became the vehicle … an outspoken critic of poor quality of education received by black people in South Africa. He was elected as the … Representative Council (SRC) that was not recognised by the university’s administration. Even after leaving the …

… recorded discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand was made by Jan Gerrit Bantjes in June 1884, on the farm … and was followed soon thereafter, in September, by the Struben brothers who uncovered the Confidence Reef on … of the main reef in the present district of Johannesburg. By August 1886, the mining camp, as yet unnamed, could …

… or return to India after completing their contracts.  By 1910, nearly 26.85% indentured men returned to India, but … Many workers were forced to reindenture to avoid tax. By 1913, approximately two-thirds of workers were on second … condiments and other delicacies was opened in Field Street by Bauboo Naidoo. In 1875, the first ‘Arab’ store was opened …

… intended to redistribute 30% of land to black people by 2014. However, the process of land reform has been slow due the inflating of prices by farmers on identified land on the one hand, and the … about 30 workshops are held around the country by the Department of Land Affairs to solicit the views of …

… Filling the void left by SASO? The Azanian Students Organisation (AZASO): A … Student Organisation (AZASO) was established in 1979 by students from five black universities and one college of … (COSAS). All these developments highlighted a drift by AZASO from the philosophy of Black Consciousness and its …

… The apartheid era was characterised by different resistances such as the Sharpeville massacre , … massacre , when a large number of miners were killed by the police. South Africa is seen as the protest capital of … the beginning of democracy. Some protests were initiated by trade union movements and others were initiated by the …