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… Beyond the Racial Lens By SAHO and the conference organisers In Defence of Social Documentary Photography by Jon Soske The Bonani Africa Conference Programme 2010 Documenting the Aftermath: War in Southern Africa by Jo Ractliffe South of No North: A Raw and Shredded Edge by …

… 1971 Statement by OR Tambo to the People of South Africa on the 10th … of Umkhonto we Sizwe . 16 December 1971 1972 " Speech by Oliver Tambo on the Sixtieth Anniversary of the African … 1973 " Black Reaction to Apartheid: 1948-1973 ". Address by Oliver Tambo to the Annual Meeting of the African Studies …

… and other laws The Constitution is a law passed by Parliament and it is the highest law in the land. All … law and customary law: Statutes are laws, which are made by government. Laws made by the national parliament are called Acts of Parliament. …

… 1971 Closure of The Classic , by Nat Nakasa , editor. Publication of ‘ Sounds of a Cowhide Drum’ , Oswald Mtshali’s first book of poetry, by Renoster Books, Johannesburg. 1972 Renoster Books … is the Colour, where Black is the Number , is published by Ravan Press. 1975 Sipho Sepamla ’s first book of poetry, …

… Newspapers or publications by African people played a critical role in giving them an … late nineteenth and early twentieth century spearheaded by the emerging African elite was incorporated into the … such as Imvo Zabantsundu, (Native Opinion) founded in 1884 by John Tengo Jabavu , Izwi Labantu (Voice of the People) …

… and employers were shocked, and they responded mainly by giving in to the workers’ demands. Thus began a resurgence … trade union federations that helped dismantle apartheid by the late 1980s. From the beginning of the 20 th century … unionists who were also ANC activists were banned, and by 1965 Sactu petered out. From the early 1960s onwards, the …

… to question and oppose the conservative values propounded by the South African Society of Artists. At the time of its … responsibility of Walter Battiss. Membership was attained by invitation only, and 17 artists were represented at the … Johannesburg. Selection of works for exhibition was made by the Group by means of a secret ballot and for the next …

… this period. Conversely, fierce resistance was launched by African people in response to their loss of land, … conquest. The British in turn, pursued the voortrekkers by annexing more land and at times even claiming it back from … In some instances, land dispossession was achieved by stealth through “treaties” which colonists claimed were …

… injuries.   29 September     Sebokeng Shot in head by policeman during altercation between police and other … Died of head injuries after being violently confronted by police while producing documents to counter car theft … of Transkei Cala, Transkei Allegedly shot several times by police on the outskirts of Cala.   18 October Ramalepe, …

… During the 1960s and the 1980s South Africa was ruled by the National Party. The NP government imposed the apartheid system and could only be voted for by white people. The apartheid system was greatly criticised by the overseas community and was also strongly opposed by …

… the modern city of Cape Town is located) was inhabited by Khoikhoi pastoralists who used it seasonally as pastures … the gradual dispossession of local Khoikhoi pastoralists by early Dutch settlers that opened up the area for European settlement. Cape Town was founded by the Dutch East India Company or the Vereenigde …

… population. The means of production must not be controlled by private individuals (as it is with capitalism) or by the proletariat (as it is with communism), but by the state itself. Class structures should be abolished. A …

… 1895 The Kinetescope (invented by Thomas Edison) was a box in which people could see a … adopted film as a permanent part of its programme. Taken by Hyman, the films were purchased from the Warwick Trading … before the production of dramatic films were undertaken. By 1903 it was possible to distinguish between various types …

… and Development in Southern Africa which was headed by Professor Francis Wilson head of SALDRU. The photographic project was headed by the artist and activist Omar Badsha who Curated the … what became a seminal travelling exhibition, a book edited by Badsha and Francis Wilson and the establishment of a …

… During the Second World War, there was rapid urbanization by Africans. The lack of infrastructure in South African … the phenomenon of overcrowding and squatting on empty land by those seeking employment. In many cases, the scramble for … Trouble in Natal - Group Areas. October, 1959. (Photo by Drum photographer BAHA) Africamediaonline Origins of the …

… practice to southwest Asia. 5000 BC The continent is hit by a dry phase, drying up the Sahara region and causing the … more centralized under the pharaoh’s administration, run by viziers, tax collectors, generals, artists and … one of the first sacral kingdoms in the Nile is invaded by Egypt and destroyed during the First Dynasty. Smaller …

… A series of legislations were passed by the NP led government in the 1950s as it sought to deal … out of Cape Town while others were detained and tried. By the late 50s the Defiance Campaign launched by the ANC and its Congress Alliance partners was broken. A …

… the triumph of the Voortrekkers against the Zulu army led by Dingaan at the ‘Battle of Blood River’. It became a … of the Covenant’. Since the 1920s, the day was also used by the ANC, SACP and other political organisations to mount … Dingaan's Day Initially 16 December was celebrated by Afrikaners as Dingaan's dag (Dingane's Day.) This was in …

… the East Indies. Soon more Dutch settlers arrived followed by settlers from all over Europe. Increased European … led to the colonisation and occupation of South Africa by the Dutch. British settlers arriving in 1820 The Cape … Dutch and the British. The Trek Boers and the Great Trek By the beginning of the eighteenth century the Cape settlers …

… tribe and resolves to subdue Shaka. He is defeated by the Zulu’s superior strategy and discipline. 1821 As he … forces conquer the Pedi kingdom. 1923 June: The Fokeng led by Sebetwane, the Hlokoane and the Phuting converge on the … attack from Dingane and the Zulu, which had been asked for by Moshoeshoe, where they are broken up by colonial forces. …

… The Freedom Charter was not adopted immediately by the ANC. The executives of the four organisations of the … 1955 and agreed to recommend the adoption of the document by each respective Congress. A ‘million signature’ campaign … them from the Transvaal. The Freedom Charter was endorsed by the ANC at a special conference, which was also held to …

… the emerging pandemic. The scope of these early efforts by the apartheid administration remained minimal, however, and by 1990 an estimated 74,000-120,000 South Africans were … spring, and replaced with the National AIDS Programme. By July, the number of AIDS cases contracted through …

… calm, there were incidents of minor skirmishes sparked by stock theft. In addition, alleged violations of signed or … and Boers.  Around 1779, allegations of cattle theft by Xhosas had become so common on the south-eastern border, … clash between Boers and Xhosas ensued, apparently sparked by irregularities committed against the Xhosa by certain …

… exiled Soweto Students Representative Council (SSRC), led by the charismatic Tsietsi Mashinini , commanded the support … BC activists and their counterparts in the ANC and PAC. By this time, the older liberation organisations had achieved … Tensions between the movements were not only determined by ideological differences but also by competition for …

… and fill their waterbutts, while meat would be obtained by barter with the indigenous peoples, the Khoina. First contact with Blacks would only be by the end of the 1700s, coinciding with the end of Company … and awareness of being a unique group probably started by the early 1700s. The statement by Hendrik Bibault, who was …

… 1500-1800 This period is marked by the advent and growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade … it is Angola that is reputed to have been devastated by the Atlantic Slave Trade. 1659-1799 With the Colonial … the British Colonial administration at the Cape was marked by a number of legal measures aimed at regulating the …

… on Matabeleland. Image of King Lobengula from a brochure by 'the History Society of Zimbabwe'. In 1888 Rhodes sent … Lobengula, had witnessed the decimation of the Zulus by the superior firepower of British regulars in 1879, and … their agricultural holdings, BSCA soon eyed acreage owned by the Ndebele people. The problem was, of course, that the …

… against German colonial rule is brutally suppressed by German colonial troops; thousands are massacred. 1904 … St. John's Wood School of Art; London. Spain is defeated by Abd el Krim's forces in Morocco. Shooting of striking coal miners by colonial troops in Enugu, eastern Nigeria. 1921 The …

… against German colonial rule is brutally suppressed by German colonial troops; thousands are massacred. 1904 … St. John's Wood School of Art; London. Spain is defeated by Abd el Krim's forces in Morocco. Shooting of striking coal miners by colonial troops in Enugu, eastern Nigeria. 1921 The …