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… era was characterised by different resistances such as the Sharpeville massacre , Vaal and the East Rand in 1985 … citizens rely heavily on the government to protect them, as well as to promote and protect human rights in general. On 16 …

… idea of heritage in a personal way, whilst others see it as having a broader historical and political significance. In … on the white ruling classes. Heritage sites such as the Voortrekker Monument and the Castle in Cape Town were … experiences of the indigenous people of South Africa, such as the Khoisan, as well as the heritage of ordinary black …

… Indies. Van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape on 6 April 1652 as an employee of the VOC to spearhead the establishment of … and defence. Its vulnerability to the elements such as strong winds and flooding drove the need to build a more … in conflicts with the Khoikhoi. Dutch perceptions of land as a commodity with monetary value which could be privately …

… from Brazil to Australia you will still find people living as hunter gatherers. This kind of living is hundreds of … of years old. Imagine that! Living the exact same way as someone did back in day when fire was first discovered. … The hunter gatherers of Southern Africa are people known as the San and Khoi-Khoi. Archeologists have estimated that …

… annexed by the colonial authorities, were retained largely as 'tribal areas'. Hut and poll taxes were imposed in these areas as a means of coercing at least some Africans into wage … an independent livelihood, either on their own land or as sharecroppers on White farms. In good years even …

… Some of the cartoons chose to view Albertina Sisulu mainly as the wife of Walter Sisulu while others remember her for work as a nurse.Still others examine her as the freedom fighter she was. Some, such as Chip Snaddon, …

… faction of the South African Labour Party (SALP) as a reaction to the party’s support for South Africa’s … War . On 22 September the ISL was formed with W. H Andrews as chairman,  J.A. Clark as vice-chairman,  G. Weinstock as treasurer, and David Ivon …

… boycotts, which it found to be acceptable resistance as they are non-violent. Consumer boycotts became the most … non-violent, they did sometimes turn violent especially as they were forced on people who did not initially … state-repression and detention. Things however did not go as planned as the state tried to stop the march with the use …

… of you a productive New Year in the service of the people. As government, we are confident of the progress being made to … that has been laid over the past three-and-half years. As always, the most critical challenge is whether we are … enough. Not because they expect the legacy of centuries of colonialism to be eradicated in a few years, as we ourselves …

… of you a productive New Year in the service of the people. As government, we are confident of the progress being made to … that has been laid over the past three-and-a-half years. As always, the most critical challenge is whether we are … enough. Not because they expect the legacy of centuries of colonialism to be eradicated in a few years, as we ourselves …

… The first Indians arrived during the Dutch colonial era, as slaves, in 1684. A conservative calculation based strictly … Indians came to South Africa in two categories, namely as indentured workers in 1860 and later as 'free' or 'passenger' Indians. The former came as a result …

… for black workers to belong to a registered trade union, as a consequence black workers joined the benefit fund as it functioned as a cover for trade union activities. After the Durban …

… MAASDORP , Stockenstrom, Cape: UC. Believed to have acted as an outstation only. MABAALSTAD , also known as EMMAUS , Transvaal: HM 1868 MABETSHA , Ngqeleni, Cape: No … This report refers to King Mswati II who was also known as Mavuso. He invited the Rev Allison to establish a mission …

… doing odd jobs at Oberlin College. 1888-1890 Dube enrols as a student at Oberlin preparatory school to study the … illness. He becomes a teacher at Amanzimtoti (later known as Adams College). 1894 Dube marries Nokutuela Mdima. Wilcox … Kent ordains Dube in the chapel of the Lewis Avenue Church as a priest by the Congregational Church.  A New York Herald …

… British occupation consisted of gold bullion, now exported as much in revenue to Britain. Evasion of dues on trade and … had been brought to Natal in 1849. Jan van Riebeeck had as early as the 1650s brought Indians as slaves to South …

… The term ‘Iron Age’ is a convenient label for this period, as people made tools from iron, however, all the other facets … not be ignored. Archaeologists therefore use terms such as ‘agriculturists’ or ‘farmers’. The entry of farmers did … in ‘tribes’ is incorrect and the term must be avoided, as it assumes societies were static and unchanging. Instead, …

… with a group of 45 uMkhonto weSizwe  (MK) recruits as they attempt to leave the country for military training … Zuma leaves the country for Swaziland. 1977 He is co-opted as a member of the ANC National Executive Committee (NEC). … He is forced to leave Mozambique, and is later appointed as the ANC’s Head of Underground Structures and Chief of the …

… to rely on the external community for certain products and as a market for South African products. Security was also … Western fear. The country was also of strategic importance as a route to the east. Financially, South Africa provided the West with important commodities, such as gold and coal, and provided an important market for …

… political circumstances in South Africa were tenuous as the ruling United Party was divided about South Africa’s … for development, progress and national liberation so as to occupy their rightful and honourable place among … Similar campaigns targeting specific apartheid laws such as the Bantu Education Act and the Group Areas Act were …

… received by black people in South Africa. He was elected as the Student Representative Council (SRC) president and … to appoint a commission to look into student grievances. As a result of sustained student protests, the white rector … a enacted a law that that imposed the use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in black schools. This was to be …

… its name. There is, however, no consensus amongst scholars as to why the Romans decided to call these provinces … 484–425 BC) map of the world, showing North Africa marked as Libya. Image source: www.mlahanas.de For most of its … Roman word ‘Africa’ was not used to describe the continent as a whole, but rather only a very small section of North …

… under Chief Moroka II settle at what was later known as ThabaNchu. 1846 Major Henry Douglas Warden appointed to … residency in the area. 26 March, Warden's troops, known as the Cape Riflemen, arrive in Bloemfontein. 1848 The first … Sovereignty self governing status. May, Hoffman elected as first State President of the OFS. 1855 August, JN Boshoff …

… Compagnie , better known to the Anglophone world as the Dutch East India Company or simply the VOC. The … not cooperate with its demands for tea and spices such as cloves, nutmeg and pepper, or who resisted the cash-crop … Bandanese, appropriated the island, and cultivated nutmeg as a monoculture, using slave labour from neighbouring …

… As Johannesburg expanded, so did its need for African labour. … growing in size. More and more Africans moved to the city. As the African working class grew in Johannesburg, the … thousand, the number of Indians stood at barely a hundred. As the population of the township grew during the 1920s and …

… Co Ltd. She is shown here in pre-war days in use as a mail ship. Image courtesy of the John Gribble Collection Image source Their first task was to act as dock workers and to unpack the incoming supplies and then … Wars . While in certain areas of the country such as Lovedale, Healdtown and Blythswood, many Blacks were …

… and related peoples, we need to consider linguistic data as well as anthropology and archaeology. Linguistically, the Zulu … form to express location. Previously, a prefix, such as KwaZulu - the place of the Zulu, served this purpose. …

… over Thembuland, a territory that eventually became known as the Transkei. The historical record shows Xhosa lived on … of local chieftainships in what came to be known as the Orange Free State and the Transvaal before their … Fingoes and Xhosa communities in what came to be known as the Transkei and Ciskei. Smith's invasion formed part of …

… were small in size and people did not regard land as property. This resulted in fairly harmonious co-existence as no tribe needed to be or was sufficiently more powerful to … and people simply followed the animals they hunted as the seasons changed. This made the nomadic life more …

… praise poetry). Great South African music legends such as Miriam Makeba and Brenda Fassie have influenced Kwaito. At … Diaspora's Hip-Hop, Dub, Jazz and UK House is evident. As pioneering DJs like Oscar "Warona" Mdlongwa, explains:" In … Tsotsitaal is a language that has always been thought of as the language of township thugs, and is probably derived …

… conditions for South African agriculture came to an end as post-war inflation escalated and banks withdrew credit … had undermined traditional ways of life and worldviews, as both White and Black rural migrants had to contend with … Nasionale Trust Maatskappy) was established as a short term insurance provider, while Sanlam was …