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… the conquest was achieved; the aftermath of the conquest; as well as Rhodesia under the company’s control until it lost it … They disbanded and later reformed and are now recognised as the predecessor of the Royal Pioneer Corps. When WW2 broke …

… Ntabelanga. He decided to call his followers “Israelites” as he identified with the Hebrews of the Old Testament. … the world would end on Christmas after 30 days of rain. As a result of his predictions his followers stopped working … asked to renounce his visions by the leaders of the Church as they could not condone the preaching of conflict and war, …

… migrations from the 1820s. The Mfecane is characterised as a revolutionary period and over a period up until the … there is too much emphasis placed on the role of Shaka as the Mfecane began prior to the reign of Shaka. Some … for control over trade and resources from the 1810s as the start of the Mfecane. In the east: break-up of the …

… Areas Act of 1950 was to prevent interracial contact ‘as far as possible’ [i] , while at the same time ensuring that those described as ‘white’ South Africans would be privileged with the …

… Gangsterism is often characterized as anti-social behaviour frowned upon by polite sections of … Kortboy and Don Mattera in Sophiatown was despised by many as "anti social". Tom Lodge however, suggests that in a … of Sophiatown's gangs in these terms, they have been seen as part of the resistance rather than social outcasts to be …

… Cecil Ntloko, a follower of the All-African Convention. As a consequence Sobukwe becomes politically engaged through … introduces a policy of apartheid. 1949 Sobukwe is elected as president of the Fort Hare Students' Representative … December, Sobukwe is selected by Godfrey Pitje as the Youth League National Secretary. 1950 Sobukwe is …

… after Bloom’s departure. Leon Gluckman joined the team as the producer and he later assembled a production team of … six children, he left home at the age of 14 to find work as a garden boy. Shortly after this employment, he found his … himself lured by the stories of streets paved in gold, as he made his way to Johannesburg . His survival on the …

… that we observe this Jubilee in extraordinary ways. As we mark Jubilee Day, all.of us know that a new spirit is … in struggle for a future that we shall define together, as equals. As we begin the New Year, we. greet you all in the … advances made by our Namibian comrades-in-arms are a factor of decisive importance to our struggle. We too must …

… SACCAWU was founded as CCAWUSA (The Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union of South Africa) in 1975, with Emma Mashinini   as the general secretary and M. Ledwaba as president. It was renamed SACCAWU following a merger …

… him for his service to the nation during his two terms as President of the Republic, during which the country made … of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. It is a day on which we, as South Africans, will remember the life of one of the most … the land is returned to those from whom it was taken under colonialism and apartheid. Government will undertake a …

… sailors resulted in the increasing use of the Cape coast as a trading area. Vasco da Gama who sailed round the Cape … This was even before the establishment of the Cape as a trade and refreshment outpost. The Khoikhoi fought to defend what they viewed as unfair exchanges during battering and in defence of their …

… adopted the motto "carrying the nation," positioning women as central to the nurturing and advancement of the black … organisations on 19 October 1977 - a day known as "Black Wednesday" - several women's formations were among … Socialism. Vuyelwa Mashalaba holds particular significance as the first female secretary of the South African Students' …

… few souls, who arrived at the Cape in dribs and drabs, as stowaways or the personal slaves of Company officials, … were allowed to take their personal slaves with them, but, as slavery was technically outlawed in the Netherlands, the … personal slaves to the Cape and sell them there, where, as a rare commodity, the slaves would fetch a higher price …

… styles. In the late 1800s, early African composers such as John Knox Bokwe began composing hymns that drew on … the development of new hybrid styles of music-making (as well as dances) in the developing urban centres. 1860s In the …

… to keep costs low in order to make it accessible to as many readers as possible. [ii] According to the founding editor, and head … end Staffrider was nonracial, populist and chose English as its language of publication rather than Afrikaans or other …

… to live in reserves and making it illegal for them to work as sharecroppers. The Land Act prohibited Africans, except … of reserves. The government wanted African farm labourers as to work for cash wages as quickly as possible, rather than squatting or share …

… by historians. Although Lenin can be fondly referred to as the father of Soviet Russia, he is often accused of … Russian public. Stalin managed to maintain his position as party secretary and ascended to autocratic leadership with Lenin's death. Stalin's regime is recorded as one of the bloodiest in history. Millions were killed …

… were passed by the NP led government in the 1950s as it sought to deal with dissent and entrench apartheid. … was by the PAC organised in 1960 that ended in bloodshed as police fired on unarmed protesters resulting in the death … on 30 March 1960 and banned political organizations such as the ANC and PAC. The violent response of the government …

… area between the Orange and Vaal rivers, originally known as Transoranje, with its abundance of permanent water … Free State In August 1855, JN Boshoff succeeded Hoffman as President of the OFS. Despite all the problems experienced … which quickly became a profitable venture and served as an important source of income. MW Pretorius succeeded …

… bare dome of granite dominates the museum complex. Known as ‘mother of reeds’ locally, this name shows that Bambo Hill … hills to ‘pull the rain down’. These special hills, such as Bambo above the museum, are characteristically steep sided with difficult access, as well as too small and awkward for normal settlement. Bambo …

… reason for this is that the sangoma does not see people as inpiduals but rather sees them as part of a community. People’s sickness is often related to … also look at social factors that could make someone ill, as well as the physical symptoms. This way of looking at …

… land outside designated areas. Existing suburbs, as well as new housing projects for Whites, began to include racially … These often coincided with existing physical barriers. As a result, industrial areas such as Struandale, and natural …

… Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer appointed the Wragg Commission as it came to be known consisted of Mr Justice Walter Thomas … Medical: The smoking of dagga was considered illegal as it led to crime and absenteeism from work.  Bilharzia was … that stricter checks be made at Calcutta and Madras as well as on disembarkation at Durban. There was an increase …

… experienced a long history of forcible removal of people as the result of racist legislation. It is incredibly … group areas. Earlier discriminatory laws were often used as platforms for building new ones during the apartheid era, … served to limit the freedom of all people not classified as White)living in South Africa by controlling their …

… UFS 1861; PCSA 1897; DGT AFRIKANER'S KRAAL , also known as JERUSALEM or as VREDEBERG , Namibia: LMS 1815. It was visited by James … long after dark, at Afrikaners Kraal, or Jerusalem, as it was often called in the days when it was a station of …

… to be heard, to be consulted” [1] , a procedure questioned as not adequately, and democratically, representative in the … to bridge the space between organisers and the community, as well as the stipulation that foreign curators were only invited on …

… settled in other areas during this time- which is known as the Mfecane period. Mfecane - Zulu name, also known as the Difaqane or Lifaqane in Sesotho), is an African … a group of Kora (a group of Khoikhoi settlers also known as the Korana) and Dutch speaking people of mixed descent …

… and international isolation, meant it could not continue as it had. It became clear to many that the only possible … also began to focus more on joining together with whites, as well as allowing some contact with blacks involved in homelands . …

… highlight women artists who were active in the resistance as well as those currently pushing notions of visual culture for the … themselves and their position in the field of visual arts as well as in society. They represent some of the best …

… Nontsikelelo Albertina has been described countless times as a caring and service-oriented individual who spent her life lifting up those around her, whether as a nurse, freedom fighter, mother or wife. Her caring … she learnt at school made her well-suited for work as a nurse and a anti-Apartheid activist. Nontsikelelo …