Book 3: Migration, Land and Minerals in the Making of South Africa - Chapter 1 - State Formation in Nineteenth-century South Africa by Yonah Seleti
… Nevertheless, the Xhosa put up long and often heroic resistance, fighting desperately in 1819, 1834-1835, 1846, … established strong chiefdoms. African settlement and resistance determined the direction and positioning of the … Voortrekkers tended to chose routes and places of least resistance. This meant that they scouted for relatively …