Anger at the unilateral imposition of state policies and attempts to appoint pliant pro- Kaizer Matanzima, (chief of the Thembu people) headmen resulted in violence erupting in Cala, [Eastern Province now Eastern Cape], withhut burnings at Emnxe, Eastern Province in July-August 1960.
It was alleged that in 1958 Alexander Kgobe alias Malemane, from La Pucella, Potgietersrus District, Transvaal [now Mokopane, in Limpopo Province] wrote threatening letters to the principal of the La Pucella school, insisted that he was the headman of La Pucella and interfered in NAD [Native Affairs Department] affairs and school issues.
Darius Segatle was the principal of a school in Rooijantjiesfontein, Lichtenburg [Northern Transvaal, now North West Province] until the end of 1960, when he was dismissed for his purported anti-state activities. He was accused of playing a leading role in meetings agitating for the burning of passes, being a member of the ANC [African National Congress], and having said: ‘Being an African, I am a member of all African organisations and I shall always help where I can to let the organisation improve.’
Foko Mbata’s banishment documentation claimed that he led the Mbata clan and that they had attacked and killed people in the Hlazakazi area [Natal, now KwaZulu-Natal]. It went on to claim that the violence had caused the Ngobese clan move away from area. It was also alleged that the Mbata clan wished the chief to resign so that Foko Mbata could take up his place, since they had conquered the area, and that no arrests could be made, as everyone was afraid of Mbata and refused to give testimony.
Gibson Magwaza, from Nongoma District, Natal [now KwaZulu-Natal] was banished for coming into conflict with Chief Cyprian Dinizulu and the state. A document on his banishment noted thatMagwaza was a senior induna [headman] who was very influential, and in 1957 played an important role in opposing the implementation ofstate policies.
Gilbert Hani and Jacob Mpemba,prominent ANC [African National Congress] leaders and strong opponents of Kaizer Matanzima and the Bantustan policy, were banished from Langa location in Cape Town, [Western Province, now Western Cape] on 23 October 1962.
Between 1959 and 1962, eight people were banished from various districts of Mpondoland, [Eastern Province, now Eastern Cape]. They included some of those who constituted the leadership of the Hill Committee* and prominent traditional leaders opposed to BA (Bantu Affairs).
Jacob Mpembe’s banishment order, dated 23 October 1962 stated that he was a listed communist who said that ‘there is nothing done by the Government except evils,’ and that ‘an African cannot walk on the pavement inJohannesburg. If the Government succeeds in oppressing us it will not succeed in oppressing our children.’
In 1962, people from a ‘swartkol’ (‘black spot’), Maleuskop, between Groblersdal [Limpopo Province] and Middelburg [Mpumalanga] were removed and relocated at Tafelkop, 19km from Groblersdal.
Dorothy Cleminshaw (nee Mullany) was born in Cape Town on the 15th of September 1922. She went to Ellersie College in Sea Point and matriculated with a full distinction. Her tertiary career was done through the University of South Africa (UNISA), where she graduated cum laude in a Bachelor of Arts degree. While she was studying she worked as a secretary. She worked as a secretary for the Department of Defence in Pretoria during the World War II.
