SAHO global search

… protest action against White minority rule and was used in 1961 to launch uMkhonto weSizwe.  Dingaan's Day Initially 16 … was passed by parliament in 1910 enacting 16 December as a national holiday (Dingaan's Day) throughout the Union of … Formation of uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) and launch of the armed struggle by the ANC The African National Congress (ANC), …

… of consensus on the Africanist debate within the African National Congress (ANC). When the Freedom Charter was adopted … ideological stance felt that this was a betrayal of the struggle. The deepening of political differences broke out … while others skipped the country and went to exile. In 1961 the PAC launched its armed wing Poqo , later renamed the …

… important relationships it maintained was with the African National Congress (ANC). Although the relationship was based … accused were prominent ANC leaders . Move to the Armed Struggle, 1960-1999 In 1960 the African National Congress and … were also banned, and went into exile. In November of 1961 some SACP and ANC members managed to meet in secret the …

… of South Africa declared 1912 Founding of the African National Congress 1913 First Native Land Act passed 1914 … government. Introduction of total segregation (See Freedom Struggle feature). 1955 Creation of the Freedom Charter 1959 … Passing of the Law for the Advancement of Self-Government 1961 Declaration of the Republic of South Africa. Declaration …

… Transition to Armed Struggle The brief respite from the Treason Trial which ended on 29 March 1961 and the Rivonia arrests in July 1963 was a period of … republic and a demand (addressed to the government) “for a National Convention of elected representatives of all races” …

… Dube , the founding President of the South African Native National Council After only two terms at Ohlange, Albert … ' A message to the African people and their allies in the struggle for freedom in the Union of South Africa ', Chief … health, Chief Luthuli did not deliver this statement.   1961 March 15, Prime Minister H.F. Verwoerd withdraws South …

… and many of its provisions are the realisation of years of struggle and are imbued with historical significance. The … whether South Africa would become a Republic. On 31 May 1961 South Africa was declared a Republic and the government … years after the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899, a National Convention of white representatives from the four …

… Origins One of the defining moments in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa was the  … on 21 March 1960. Political movements such as the  African National Congress  (ANC) and the  Pan Africanist Congress … of 41 leading members of the party between March 1961 and April 1966. The detention and banning of leading …

… Origins One of the defining moments in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa was the  … on 21 March 1960. Political movements such as the  African National Congress  (ANC) and the  Pan Africanist Congress … of 41 leading members of the party between March 1961 and April 1966. The detention and banning of leading …

… and MK The late 1950s saw the first hints of an armed struggle occurring in certain parts of South Africa. Various … aimed to discern the way forward in light of the African National Congress’ (ANC) ban and the imposition of a state of … membership to the Central Committee was known to a few.  1961 hailed a public campaign spearheaded by Mandela, urging …

… of the 1956 Treason Trial to its conclusion in 1961. That same year, the ANC and SACP jointly set up uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) to engage in the armed struggle. A number of high profile arrests – such as those of … giving new impetus to the struggle. 1960 Both the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) …

… launched in Duncan Village outside East London in March 1961. The launch followed a conference of the Non European … which, according to the founding document of APDUSA, the national situation was frankly and exhaustively discussed. … in the early phase of armed propaganda as a method of struggle, APDUSA had the capacity, however limited, to …

… Boer and British leaders. 1908 12 October, The first National Convention representing the exclusive interests of … Convention representing all the people of South Africa. 1961 25-26 March, The All-in African Conference is held in … question of a general amnesty, the abandonment of armed struggle, MK arms caches and ANC underground units. 31 August …

… South Africa only became a Republic on the 31st May 1961 , but the formation of a Republic had been the dream of … and was not something that was thought about only after National Party (NP) victory in 1948. In the 1830s when some … to the Afrikaners he did not have the white-black struggle in mind but the rivalry between the Afrikaner and …

… highlight a conundrum faced by those in the liberation struggle: the way that justice was often at odds with … Raid Nelson Mandela, second from left, with members of the National Liberation Front of Algeria. In March of 1962 Mr … ‘Spear of the Nation’, which was launched on 16 December 1961. As its manifesto declares, MK was formed ‘to be a …

… was required to manage the transition. Because the National Party government had a vested interest, it was not … “An organization which remains committed to an armed struggle cannot be trusted completely when it also commits … national political organisation which was established in 1961 by the Unity Movement of South Africa (UMSA).” A …

… Secondary School. 1935 Govan Mbeki joins the African National Congress (ANC) 1938 Govan Mbeki receives a telegram … examination at St John's High School in Umtata. 1960 - 1961 Thabo Mbeki completes his British "A" level examinations … concedes to the possibility that the ANC is prepared arm struggle and is prepared to negotiate for a peaceful …

… to the Sharpeville Massacre.  Immediately the African National Congress (ANC) calls for March 28 to be observed as … (CPSA) needed a representative in London to serve the struggle from outside.  In consultation with the South … dealings with the South African diamond company, De Beers. 1961 Dadoo visits Malaysia, Ceylon, Pakistan and India with a …

… Sikelel'i Africa, which later becomes the pan-African national anthem in South Africa during apartheid and, … publishes Towards Colonial Freedom, a manual for the struggle to end colonialism. East African High Commission is … of apartheid begins in South Africa, and lasts until 1961. Congres des Artists et Ecrivains Noirs is organized by …

… Sikelel'i Africa, which later becomes the pan-African national anthem in South Africa during apartheid and, … publishes Towards Colonial Freedom, a manual for the struggle to end colonialism East African High Commission is … of apartheid begins in South Africa, and lasts until 1961 Congres des Artists et Ecrivains Noirs is organized by …

… of Young Africa (SOYA) for six months; joins the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL), citing the arrest of … the ANCYL and taking an active role in the liberation struggle. Simon Kekana, head prefect at Lovedale and chair of … capitalist system, leading to his conversation to Marxist. 1961 Formation of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) the military wing of …

… as an instrument of solidarity with the liberation struggle. It embraced a network of organisations including … underground meeting of the central committee of the SACP national conference in Johannesburg. 16 December, Zindziswa … Winnie Madikizela-Mandela , the couples' second daughter. 1961 The African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan …

… prior to its dissolution. February, At an African National Congress (ANC) meeting of 10 000 people, at Newtown … future you will be called upon to do your share in the struggle against apartheid tyranny."  Other speakers at this … years, they are found not guilty and discharged on March 1961. 1957 Dadoo is banned for a further five years from …

… the following of the UN Charter inside South Africa. In 1961 United Nations Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjold … for contributions and recognised the legitimacy of the struggle against apartheid. The next year they recognised the … the Trusteeship Committee and the General Assembly. The National Party, during the apartheid period, wanted to …

… as its secretary 1947 Tambo becomes a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the ANC 1948 Tambo … 15 September, Adelaide and the children land in London. 1961 5 August, Delivers a speech, Racial Problems in South … the ANC 1968 June Presents a paper: Present Stage of the Struggle against Apartheid in South Africa in Stockholm 18 …

… stalinists and socialists of various hues in the  African National Congress  (and its ancillary movements) before it … asserted its right to provide the leadership in the coming struggle for liberation in South Africa? They claimed that … of tomorrow. Appendix - The Unity Movement In Pondoland In 1961 a faint carbon copy of a statement from the Publicity …

… 1947 Walter decided to quit his job and join the African National Congress (ANC) full time at this time Albertina was … on a charge of High Treason. The Trial continues until 1961. 1958 Albertina gave birth to her and Walter's fifth … Radio" to urge the youth to join forces and continue the struggle to fight for freedom. 11July, Walter Sisulu, along …

… wake of Sharpeville, African students loyal to the African National Congress (ANC) establish the African Students' … their support of the Government's "betterment schemes". 1961 Walter Sisulu's mother, Alice Sisulu dies. All-in … writes a letter in which he states the famous words: "The struggle is my life. I will continue fighting for freedom …

… a “Petition of Rights” for African Workers at the first national conference of the ISL, held in Johannesburg. 1917 … noted that the CPSA’s [Communist Party of South Africa] struggle was between the “haves and the have-nots and not on … to a welcome party of 400 at Jan Smuts Airport. 1956 - 1961 Bram Fischer helps defend the leaders of the …

… Chief Albert Luthuli joined them. 8 April, The African National Congress (ANC) and Pan African Congress (PAC) are … is opposed - they should resign from their positions. 1961 February, amidst rumours that the government intended to … of New Age , where they explained the turn to armed struggle and invited him to join. September, Walter Sisulu …