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… 1970 Early in 1970, the  South African Communist Party  (SACP) … the SACP for the Vietnam Workers' Party applauding their resistance as an event of "immense world-historical … masses.  Indian South African had a proud record of resistance to stooge bodies and to discrimination and …

… and Political Structure The empire's origins lie in the resistance of the Mandinka (Malinke) people against Sosso … Arab chronicler Ibn Khaldun corroborated the empire's early consolidation in his 14th-century historical writings. … into the Atlantic. 13 Musa governed an empire that, by the early 14th century, encompassed the entirety of modern-day …

… some 28 000 died. Although attempts at peace were made as early as March 1900, nothing significant was achieved until … by the Union of South Africa engendered considerable resistance from Blacks and led to the formation and growth of … political activist,  Mohandas Gandhi , began a passive resistance campaign against the pass laws in 1906, leading …

… K.R. Nayanah and H.S.L. Polak . 27 April, Indian passive resistance is suspended when General Jan Christiaan Smuts … and the meeting withdraws the NIC's support of the passive resistance campaign. In reaction, Gandhi and his supporters … in which he expresses sympathy with the Indian passive resistance struggle in South Africa. 18 December, The Indian …

… Colored musicians against the apartheid regime, from the early 1950s until the 1990s, focusing on the work of one … examine his life and the role of jazz music in general. As early as the 1940s, jazz had emerged as the favored genre of … were a difficult period for jazz within South Africa. Resistance against apartheid, led by the African National …

… in certain parts of South Africa. Various types of armed resistance spread to urban parts of the country when more … agenda of non-violence would have to be replaced by armed resistance in the form of the establishment of military … in Tanzania.       Mandela’s Ideological Dispensation: Early Encounters Despite having repeatedly denied his …

… heavy industry grew slowly in Russia, and by the early 1900s it had only established itself in a handful of … from using their weaponry on the workers. In the very early morning of the 26th a number of worker leaders were … of Petrograd, encountering what turned out to be futile resistance from the police and some sections of the army …

… mountains between South Africa and Swaziland. [1] Other early artifacts had markings of 28, which has been speculated to be an early count of the menstrual cycle. Were the earliest … Basket weaving involving sona patterns could be seen as a resistance by females against male monopoly of mathematical …

… the government crackdown on political organizations in the early 1960s, new organizations emerged to fill the political … fueled the youth hatred for the apartheid system. As early as March 1976 students began passive resistance against Afrikaans. The outbreak of Soweto Uprising …

… the league was very active, participating in riots and resistance against an apartheid government. During this … in the ANC as well as in the country. Overall, in the early years after their unbanning the league struggled to … issues with the leadership of the women’s league in the early years after its unbanning. After having so many issues …

… community; its high incidence of gang violence and violent resistance to apartheid legislation; its increasingly vocal … federal efforts to standardise this policy were made as early as 1913 (Ibid., 71). The Natives Land Act (1913) and … to demolish Sophiatown sparked a stand off during the early 1950s, putting the federal government on one side and …

… years. Although it collapsed as an organisation in the early 1940s, having to give way to more radical … and culture for decades after its demise. Strategies of resistance of the African Political Organisation The APO had … attention at its national conferences of 1903 and 1904 The resistance of the APO to the formation of Union of South …

… the 1950s as well, and witnessed the political unrest and resistance. [xi] Bessie Emery married Harold Head in 1961, … her divorce was the source. Head’s whereabouts in the early 1960s were not documented, which leads to speculation … Primary Rhodes University. "Bessie Head: Unpublished Early Poems." English in Africa 23, no. 1 (1996): 40-46. …

… the following years inspires the establishment of Namibian resistance movements. 1957 On the initiative of Andimba Toivo … of Namibia’s struggle for independence, as passive resistance is traded in for an armed struggle. 1960 The OPO … in SWAPO leadership and a strengthened desire for militant resistance. 1975 Angola attains independence, enabling PLAN …

… to consumer boycotts, which it found to be acceptable resistance as they are non-violent. Consumer boycotts became … The march was very important, and focused on non-violent resistance to state-repression and detention. Things however … By December the UDF was able to provide some direction in resistance and called for another "Black Christmas" consumer …

… population pushed to the edges of developed society, resistance was common. But, with the advent of Bantustans and … in the door in the U.S. entertainment scene and by the early 1960s she was performing in New York City nightclubs. … on the struggles faced by African-American women in the early 20th Century. [10] Caiphus received an Emmy Award for …

… legendary leader. When the Ledwaba entered the area in the early 19th century, they found the Sebietela to the south and … the precise truth, the episode was part of African resistance to Boer encroachment. The remarkable preservation …

… – Natal and Transvaal Indian Congresses launch passive resistance against the Asiatic (“Ghetto”) Act. Dr Naicker led … to imprisonment. Marie Naicker, wife of Dr Naicker, led a resistance batch and was imprisoned for one month. By the end … with delegates of many countries. 1948, January - Passive Resistance entered its second phase. Dr Naicker led a batch …

… Starting at the beginning of the South African Indian resistance against the government and continuing through the …

… Young people took part in political campaigns from the early years. Many political formations established at the close of the 19th century and early in the 20th century were made up of people of all ages. … these campaigns. In the 1950s there was no distinct youth resistance to developments in education. The struggle against …

… placed form above function, which is no doubt why resistance artists largely avoided abstraction. Artists of … them captive in this murky dysfunctional realm. Mnyele's resistance art is striking in that his mode of expression - a quasi-fantasy illustrative style - is unlike most resistance art. His work certainly doesn't follow that …

… (APO)  represented Coloured interests during the early part of the 20 th Century. Abdullah Abdurahman , the … and approaches of these organisations robbed the Coloured resistance to apartheid of cohesion and undermined its … the late 1950s constituted the period in which whatever early promise the SACPO may have shown wilted. SACPO paid a …

… to fight for a free and democratic South Africa. In its early years, COSAS, focused on educational issues but with … the banner of COSAS students have staged a variety of resistance tactics like boycotts, strikes, negotiated and … was secretly established in Cape Town in 1987. During the resistance campaign, launched by extra-parliamentary groups …

… the most important campaigns organized by the NIC in the early years were the Gandhi campaigns of 1908 and 1913. … in 1945 and he led the NIC in the 1946 Indian Passive Resistance Campaign (see SAIC history) in Durban. As a result …

… the capital of the Transvaal Republic. There was no resistance and the Union Jack replaced the Vierkleur. The … Lydenburg, Rustenburg, Standerton and Wakkerstroom. Early in the war it became clear that the colonisers had … Colley’s men reached the top of the mountain in the early hours of the morning and were very tired. From the hill …

… war in the Transvaal The Boers were far from united in the early 1860s. When Marthinus Wessels Pretorius was elected … was hoisted. The burghers accepted the occupation without resistance, and when Sir Theophilus Shepstone, the former … a steam mill. A small tobacco factory also showed signs of early industrial methods, and the first telegraph line …

… exile. Johnson entered Robben Island at a time of powerful resistance against the Apartheid government. In the 1960s, … Pan Africanist Congress. [xv] In the 1970s, a wave of new resistance was led by Black Conscious activists. The resistance was supported by many Black school and university …

… liberation struggle emerging nationalism and socialist resistance 1900-1959         1900-1959         1960-1994     … 3,000 people. Dr. Yusuf Dadoo is elected to lead Passive Resistance against what becomes the Asiatic (Transvaal Land … of E. I. Asvat, a decision is taken to launch the Passive Resistance Campaign (as decided upon at the earlier meeting …

… phase of state repression that would crush internal resistance in the space of a few years. The new policy of ' … major purpose was to eliminate any remnants of internal resistance in future. The impact of banning leaders and … country. They went underground and started secret armed resistance groups. Other liberation organisations, such as …

… The first sign of open resistance against payment of the tax came when a magistrate … the resisters. There were other instances of protest and resistance, and the white settlers demanded that the colonial … Troops were sent to Mgeni. They brutally crushed the resistance, burning down homesteads and seizing livestock. …