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… , had arrived in South Africa from Lithuania at the age of six, on the eve of the First World War, and his mother, … Unjust Laws Campaign. Three years later, he attended the Congress of the People at Kliptown where the Freedom Charter … with Oliver Tambo , the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) , and helped draft the organisation's Code of …

… born on 19 June 1925 at Benoni, Transvaal, into a family of five children. His father was a clerk at Modder B mine, … in 1945. At Fort Hare he joined  African National Congress  (ANC) Youth League and became actively involved in … like to live. It was this campaign that culminated in the  Congress of the People in 1955 , at which the  Freedom …

… Mzwandile  Majova,  Paulos Madiba,  Aaron Makwe,  members of the African National Congress  (ANC) and  uMkhonto we Sizwe  (MK),      were … Reconcilaition Commission prepared to exhume the bodies of Aaron Makwe, Watson Majova and Paulos Madiba on a farm … TRC.  Special Investigation into the Secret Burial of Activists and Report on Exhumations  online. Available at  …

… Enver Hassim was born in the Transvaal, where he was part of a large family, with two brothers and four sisters. His … Hassim also interacted with a number of African National Congress (ANC) stalwarts including Walter Sisulu , and … Movement among the scores of ANC and the Natal Indian Congress detainees. Through his convivial character he won …

… The Empire of Mali was one of the largest empires in West African History, and at its … it spanned from the Atlantic Coast to central parts of the Sahara desert [i] . The Empire was founded in 1235 CE … Beckingham, C.F. 1953. “Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies” in African …

… Hayden Proud, Curator of Historical Collections of Painting and Sculpture, Iziko Museums of Cape Town Some years ago, a small body of artists clubbed … A Society for the “Advancement of Art” …

… Map Description 1554 The earliest obtainable map of the whole continent of Africa. Because it was issued with some variations in both of Münster's very popular works, Geographia (1540-1552) and … Maps of Africa through the centuries …

… James Edward April was born on 20th of March in 1940, in Bokmakeri Athlone, Cape Town, Western … to boycott. He joined the South African Coloured People’s Congress (SACPC) in 1961. The SACPC was formed because people … They worked closely with people from the African National Congress (ANC) and distributed the progressive left wing …

… first democratic constitution - the interim constitution of 1993. The Court, the key institution of our constitutional democracy, continues to function under the final Constitution of 1996. The 1993 constitution, agreed upon at multiparty … Historical Background of the Constitutional Court …

… The arrival of the British at the Cape changed the lives of the people that were already living there. Initially … and Forced Labour Model.  This was the original model of colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, and subsequently … Britain takes control of the Cape …

… in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptians are the inventors of another feature of civilization still existing today - the complete dictator! … through priests and scribes, by the inflexible rule of omnipotent rulers. All of Egypt was subjugated under one … Way of life in ancient Egypt …

… The first recorded discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand was made by Jan Gerrit Bantjes … it is the general consensus that credit for the discovery of the main gold reef must be attributed to George Harrison, … cast workings were being opened up along the full length of the main reef in the present district of Johannesburg. By …

… By the 1860s, subjugation of African people in the immediate vicinity of the Cape had been achieved. Other than a small, enfranchised minority who owned land, the majority of Africans living here had been proletarianised and were … The Roots of Segregation: 1860-1910 …

… 1997 September, The statue of Steve Biko is defaced twice within a space of three weeks after it was unveiled by President Nelson Mandela.  2006 February, The statue of Chief Makhado in Makhado (Luis Trichardt) in Limpopo is … Books), p.137|sabeng Nthite, ‘ Tshwane’s statue target of racist vandalism’ , Independent Online , 15 July 2006 …

… final year English and Politics student at the University of York. From October 2015, he will read Law at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. An advocate of interdisciplinary research, his work often focuses on the … University of York Student Submissions 2015 …

… A legacy is the long-term effect of something. A person or an event or a piece of writing from the past may still shape what people believe … and how they live in society today. The Declaration of the Rights of Man One of the legacies of the French … The legacy of the French Revolution …

… and friends may be able to recall their experiences of that time. Books and films also inform about the past. How do the writers of these books and the makers of the films find out about thousands or even millions of … Archaeology: A Way of Rediscovering the Past …

… Introduction This feature examines the history of forced removals in Johannesburg up to the destruction of Sophiatown. It begins by establishing the link between the destruction of Johannesburg’s inner city slum yards and the significant … Urban Removals - the Destruction of Sophiatown …

… Prehistory of Southern Africa Two places are of particular heritage interest in the Polokwane area: the BaKoni Malapa Museum south of the stadium and Makapansgat in the mountains to the … Prehistory of the Polokwane/Pietersburg area …

… Introduction Fanakalo is a bridging language of communication in multilingual and multinational settings … and positive associations with this pidgin; the spread of it across Southern Africa; the varieties of Fanakalo; and lastly, examples of this pidgin language. …

… in the south-central Karoo. He enrolled at the University of Pretoria for a medical degree, however, due to lack of … did not support the struggle. Between 1958 and 1959, the Congress Alliance and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU), called for the boycott of …

… Sterkfontein and other sites. The first modern inhabitants of the country were the hunter-gatherer San (‘bushman’) and … livestock. Bantu-speaking clans that were the ancestors of the Nguni (today's Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele … When the British abolished slavery in 1834, the pattern of White legal dominance was entrenched. In the interior, …

… South Africa has one of the longest sequences of human development in the world. It begins with two million … scientists have been actively involved in the study of human origins since 1925 when Raymond Dart identified the … Pre-colonial history of Southern Africa …

… David Ivon Jones was the secretary of the ISL, who had been instrumental in forming the first black trade union - the Industrial Workers of Africa (IWA) - and had been behind some of the party's support for the African strikers in 1918, was … Account of events: Rand Rebellion 1922 …

… themselves against European conquest. As a result, most of Africa was colonized by 1900. Only Ethiopia and Liberia … After the First and Second World Wars colonial control of the continent began to come apart. This was the result of a new political climate, the rise of nationalism and the …

… Introduction Pretoria is located in the north east of South Africa, to the north of Gauteng , and 60 Kilometres away from the north east of Johannesburg [i] . As the administrative capital of South … Pretoria (Tshwane): The Naming of a City …

… war in recorded history, lasting less than three-quarters of an hour. The engagement was provoked when the pro-British Sultan of Zanzibar, Ali bin Said, died. Immediately subsequent to … and moved into the palace. Khalid had become the symbol of resistance against European interference, so his actions …

… Law Amendment Ordinance (Black Act) to control the entry of Indians into the Transvaal. Every Indian man, woman and … older than 8 years had to register with the Registrar of Asiatics. Indians and Chinese who did not register by a … the new law. Gandhi contacted Leung Quinn, the leader of the Chinese community, to discuss the Black Act as it …

… Pretoria’s founder – a man by the name of Marthinus Wessels Pretorius - arrived in Pretoria in 1848 [i] . At the time of his arrival , King Mzilikazi and the southern Ndebele … . His aim was to establish a new town for the new state of the Transvaal. [v] By end of 1855, the two farms were …

… education, and one for sport. The Executive is a committee of all the heads of these departments. This is called the Cabinet The … is where our elected representatives, the members of Parliament (MPs) meet to discuss matters and decide on new … Structure of Government in South Africa …