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… stretched across more than 1.29 million square kilometres of West Africa, encompassing the headwaters of the Senegal and Niger rivers and controlling the most … Empire - known in Arabic sources as Dawlat Mālī - was one of the largest, wealthiest, and most culturally sophisticated …

… Compatriots: On the occasion of the 94th anniversary of the formation of the African … divides to wage a united struggle on the basis of a common programme to achieve specified national democratic … which inspired the adoption of the ANC 1949 Programme of Action and the subsequent release of the energy of the …

… Liberia are recognized as independent entities. Partition of West Africa and East Africa 1896 Ethiopia, under Emperor … Menelik II, defeats invading Italian army in the Battle of Adwa. Lumière brothers' demonstration of projected moving … Lagos against rule of President Babangida ANC begins "mass action" campaign to remove F.W. de Klerk from power Forty …

… The Empire of Mali was one of the largest empires in West African History, and at its … it spanned from the Atlantic Coast to central parts of the Sahara desert [i] . The Empire was founded in 1235 CE … Beckingham, C.F. 1953. “Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies” in African …

… Towards Union It is often assumed that the discovery of gold at the Rand was the chief cause of the South African War. This is not completely true, as … in so doing enforcing dominion over all the inhabitants of annexed territories. The Boer Republics, however, were …

… Map Description 1554 The earliest obtainable map of the whole continent of Africa. Because it was issued with some variations in both of Münster's very popular works, Geographia (1540-1552) and … Maps of Africa through the centuries …

… first democratic constitution - the interim constitution of 1993. The Court, the key institution of our constitutional democracy, continues to function under the final Constitution of 1996. The 1993 constitution, agreed upon at multiparty … Historical Background of the Constitutional Court …

… in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptians are the inventors of another feature of civilization still existing today - the complete dictator! … through priests and scribes, by the inflexible rule of omnipotent rulers. All of Egypt was subjugated under one … Way of life in ancient Egypt …

… The first recorded discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand was made by Jan Gerrit Bantjes … it is the general consensus that credit for the discovery of the main gold reef must be attributed to George Harrison, … cast workings were being opened up along the full length of the main reef in the present district of Johannesburg. By …

… The National Party was elected in 1948 on the policy of Apartheid ('separateness'). This 'separateness' put South Africans of different racial groups on their own paths in a partitioned system of development. The policy goal of separate development …

… By the 1860s, subjugation of African people in the immediate vicinity of the Cape had been achieved. Other than a small, enfranchised minority who owned land, the majority of Africans living here had been proletarianised and were … The Roots of Segregation: 1860-1910 …

… The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW or FSAW) was launched on 17 … broad-based women’s organisation. This was the brainchild of Ray Simons who drew in others such as Helen Joseph , … delegates, representing 230,000 women from all parts of South Africa, attended the founding conference and pledged …

… 1997 September, The statue of Steve Biko is defaced twice within a space of three weeks after it was unveiled by President Nelson Mandela.  2006 February, The statue of Chief Makhado in Makhado (Luis Trichardt) in Limpopo is … Books), p.137|sabeng Nthite, ‘ Tshwane’s statue target of racist vandalism’ , Independent Online , 15 July 2006 …

… final year English and Politics student at the University of York. From October 2015, he will read Law at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. An advocate of interdisciplinary research, his work often focuses on the … University of York Student Submissions 2015 …

… A legacy is the long-term effect of something. A person or an event or a piece of writing from the past may still shape what people believe … and how they live in society today. The Declaration of the Rights of Man One of the legacies of the French … The legacy of the French Revolution …

… and friends may be able to recall their experiences of that time. Books and films also inform about the past. How do the writers of these books and the makers of the films find out about thousands or even millions of … Archaeology: A Way of Rediscovering the Past …

… After World War II , the process of decolonization of the African continent gathered momentum as Africans … political rights and independence. While in some parts of the continent colonial powers reluctantly and grudgingly … News, (2010), African Liberation Day: A celebration of resistance , from Pambazuka News, Issue 584, 25 May, …

… Introduction The history of White colonial land dispossession did not begin with the passing of the Native Land Act in 1913, it spans back to the expansion of Dutch colonial settlements in the Cape . Land and … The Natives Land Act of 1913 …

… The Significance of Indian Opinion by Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie Department of History, University of the Western Cape Address to Conference on the Alternate … History of the ‘Indian Opinion’ newspaper …

… Introduction This feature examines the history of forced removals in Johannesburg up to the destruction of Sophiatown. It begins by establishing the link between the destruction of Johannesburg’s inner city slum yards and the significant … Urban Removals - the Destruction of Sophiatown …

… Prehistory of Southern Africa Two places are of particular heritage interest in the Polokwane area: the BaKoni Malapa Museum south of the stadium and Makapansgat in the mountains to the … Prehistory of the Polokwane/Pietersburg area …

… Document 54 - Letter from the International Secretariat of the International Communist League (B-L) to the Communist … WITHOUT THE EXCLUSION OF ANY COMRADE. Election of a JOINT ACTION COMMITTEE proportionate to the existing forces or, … after a few months of joint work; preparation of AN ACTION PROGRAMME, preparation for the implementation of the …

… Introduction Fanakalo is a bridging language of communication in multilingual and multinational settings … and positive associations with this pidgin; the spread of it across Southern Africa; the varieties of Fanakalo; and lastly, examples of this pidgin language. …

… The Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA) was the external arm of the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) , and had offices … States, Canada, France, Belgium and Germany. The aftermath of the June 16 unrest in Soweto witnessed thousands of … Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA) …

… Sterkfontein and other sites. The first modern inhabitants of the country were the hunter-gatherer San (‘bushman’) and … livestock. Bantu-speaking clans that were the ancestors of the Nguni (today's Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele … When the British abolished slavery in 1834, the pattern of White legal dominance was entrenched. In the interior, …

… Today, January 8th, marks the 81st anniversary of the African National Congress. We observe this important … future. Our optimism for 1993 rests on the fact that mass action, public exposures, international pressure and the … in all parts of our country; to elaborate and implement a programme of work directed at voter education and ensuring …

… South Africa has one of the longest sequences of human development in the world. It begins with two million … scientists have been actively involved in the study of human origins since 1925 when Raymond Dart identified the … Pre-colonial history of Southern Africa …

… The 1940s saw a growth of African nationalism that positioned itself to challenge … the 1920 and 1930s was consolidated under the leadership of Alfred Xuma into a mass based party pursuing a more radical campaigning agenda. The emergence of the ANC Youth league in 1944 which demanded freedom from …

… David Ivon Jones was the secretary of the ISL, who had been instrumental in forming the first black trade union - the Industrial Workers of Africa (IWA) - and had been behind some of the party's support for the African strikers in 1918, was … Account of events: Rand Rebellion 1922 …

… themselves against European conquest. As a result, most of Africa was colonized by 1900. Only Ethiopia and Liberia … After the First and Second World Wars colonial control of the continent began to come apart. This was the result of a new political climate, the rise of nationalism and the …