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… and land, and today this area is still referred to by many as Frontier Country.  English Settlement Redhouse, … first immigrant structure in Port Elizabeth was erected by the British in August 1799. Named Fort Frederick, after … structure. The town is said to have been chiefly raised by the sale of strong drink." Thus at its onset Port …

… Thupelo workshops were initiated in 1985 in Johannesburg by the South African artist, David Nthubu Koloane , together … Convention centre in Rustenberg in 1985 and was supported by the Johannesburg Art Foundation (JAF), The Federated Union … “Thupelo”, which is a Sotho phrase meaning ‘to teach by example’, is an indication of the philosophy of learning …

… which is the use of a weaker country's resources by a stronger country to make itself stronger. Coral reefs A … the citizens of a country choose their representatives by voting. Ecosystem A group of different elements or … poems about a person or events. Excavated Opened up by digging. Exiled Forced to leave a place as punishment. …

… to approximately 18 000 people. The town was surrounded by an outer wall. Much like Mapungubwe, the commoners lived … via India, showing how India could be reached from China by sea. On his many travels Marco Polo was often a guest of … of the most important of these explorers who were inspired by Marco Polo was Christopher Columbus. It is believed that …

… passed in 1893 included the carrying of residential passes by male and female. In the location of Waaihoek black people … remained. On 2 October 1898, women were so frustrated by the carrying of passes that a number of them in the … were given instructions of how to enforce the regulations. By October 1906 the effects of enforcing the residential pass …

… its first population census in 1996. This was followed by its second census in 2001. A ‘Community Survey’ took the … the numerical size of each population group as defined by the Population Registration Act of 1950 . The Population … decrease). In contrast the African population has expanded by 31.5 per cent to an approximate 36.9 million people …

… in the mid-19th century in the United States, led by Africans from the Western Hemisphere. The most important … Africa was the best place for that new nation. Motivated by Christian missionary zeal, the two believed that Africans … and Césaire, in particular, were greatly influenced by Du Bois and by several Harlem Renaissance writers, …

… on Broadway. Sarafina , a South African musical produced by Mbongeni Ngema depicted students who were involved in the … The construction of the tombstone was carried out by the Azanian National Youth Unity (Azanyu), an internal … of Mbuyisa Makhubu, the young person, who was photographed by Sam Nzima , carrying the dead body of Hector Person and …

… 1930, the Wesleyan mission was officially recognised by Faku, and was named Buntingville, in honour of the … and St Francis College (Roman Catholic) were founded by missionaries. Well-known leaders in South African history … rights to cultivate certain arable land were now given by magistrates in the service of the Colonial government. …

… - Analysing the Repression of the Apartheid State edited by Max Coleman, (Cape Town) Repressive regimes abound in the … document summarizes the many forms of repression evolved by apartheid forces and used by them from the time of the accession to power of the …

… exploitation of Africa was unique. The best estimates by historians suggest that approximately 12 million Africans … African cultures from many thousands of years ago as shown by the Egyptians. There were many other powerful kingdoms and … the evidence, Europeans justified enslaving African people by describing them as ‘savages’, ‘uncivilised’ and even …

… the highest level of political development reached by the people, as expressed by the All African Convention, a body which from its inception was regarded by all as the mouthpiece of the African people. It must be …

… occasions. 1802 The region of the AmaZulu is plagued by drought and accompanying famine. This leads to internal … Jobe the Chief of the AmaMthethwa, attempts to seize power by plotting to assassinate his ageing father. The plot is … north of the Orange River. They are called "Basters" by the colonial authorities but name themselves Griqua , a …

… it was on many occasions short-lived and quickly quashed by colonial authorities who were more often than not greater … the case with the slave uprising of 27 October 1808, led by a Mauritian slave tailor who went by the name of Louis. Louis had arrived at the Cape from …

… saw unemployed Blacks contained in the reserves, which by the 1940s began to experience severe malnutrition, infant … reflecting the triumphalism of apartheid designs. By the late 1970s, Africans from the region were removed to … The rulers of these “states” were generally appointed by the apartheid regime, although some of these developed …

… League (ISL) was formed in September 1915. It was created by a progressive faction of the South African Labour Party … congress in 1916 the ISL adopted a petition put forward by Bunting that demanded political, economic and social … - the first trade union for Black workers in South Africa. By 1920 the IWA was absorbed into the Industrial and …

… Reconciliation Commission. You can read far more detail by going to SAHO's TRC feature In an interview, Nelson … World War, there is no evil that has been as condemned by the entire world as Apartheid." - Source: Sunday … under certain conditions. Amnesty is the act of government by which pardon is granted to a large group of individuals. …

… attempted a political solution to the crisis it faced by creating the cosmetic Tricameral Parliament . This system … a turning point in South African history. Popular protest by masses of ordinary South Africans against the apartheid … erupted on many occasions, and the Government responded by declaring a State of Emergency that lasted for much of the …

… was a South African literary and arts magazine published by Ravan Press in Johannesburg from 1978 to 1993. It took its … graphics and photography from southern Africa. [iv] Works by well known South Africans were featured alongside … in which accepted submissions were minimally edited by the publishers. Instead, writing groups worked together to …

… White war. At least 15 000 Blacks were used as combatants by the British, especially as scouts to track down Boer … armed block house guards, but also in non-combatant roles by both British and Boer forces as wagon drivers, etc. They … they did not seek refuge in the camps, but were rounded up by the British forces and forced into the camps, which soon …

… Many living in  Pietpotgietersrus  died of malaria, and by April 1870 the town had to be abandoned. They returned in … Burgers sought to end the isolation of the Transvaal by developing relations with non-English colonial powers, and … the property of BJ Vorster and Gert Emmenis, was bought by the government on 29 January 1884, and land surveyor GR …

… to function in 1901, as he expected the war to be over by then. The police force would be divided into 4 divisions, … areas. These units were broken up in 1908 and replaced by the Transvaal and Orange River Police forces. With … of Southern Africa Vol. 8, Cape Town: Nasou, p. 632. By the end of 1911 the police force was being restructured …

… for service were herded together in concentration camps by the British forces during Anglo-Boer War 2 (1899-1902). … who had surrendered voluntarily and their families by the institution of these camps. As the families of … 'concentration' camps. 20 December, A proclamation issued by Lord Kitchener states that all burghers surrendering …

… The EOAN Group was founded by Helen Southern-Holt in 1933. EOAN Group was a social and … grew to have 15 branches throughout the Cape Peninsula by the mid 1980s. Between 1956 and the mid 1970s, EOAN featured an ameteur opera group that was conducted by well renowned musician Joseph Salvatore Manca. The opera …

… political voice of organised white labour in South Africa. By 1914 the party had succeeded in gaining the support of the … strike , known as the ‘July Strike’ as well as the strike by railwaymen in January 1914 led to the growth of the Labour … March 1914.  It also captured seats from the government in by-elections, and it was expected to make great strides in …

… joined in declaring a political war on the black people by blocking their political expectations “ (Brits and … 1998: 36). Article 8 of the Treaty made voting rights by black people conditional on the consent of the white … South African Native Affairs Commission in 1903, headed by the Commissioner for Native Affairs, Sir Godfrey Lagden. …

… rivalry between the new superpowers during the Cold War by exploring the Increasing tension between the Allies after … War II, the U.S.-Soviet alliance of 1941–1945 was marked by a great degree of cooperation and was essential to … Finally, two devastating atomic bomb attacks against Japan by the United States, coupled with the Soviets’ decision to …

… is based upon the protection of a nation founded by ourselves. And the nation can be nowhere else but in Africa by Marcus Garvey Introduction Over the years the African … most turbulent years in its recent history, characterized by the deadly Ebola outbreak, widespread protests, unrest, …

… and Ian Bernhardt, the musical’s creative team was led by Harry Bloom,  best known for his book Episodes, Todd … become an international masterpiece. They would be joined by architect and painter Arthur Goldriech , which led to the … of many creative ideas. Later the creative team was joined by journalist  Pat Williams who took over the scriptwriting …