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… in political relations between the apartheid state and the dominated social groups. Henceforth, a combination of … Its reliance on the export of minerals, particularly gold and agricultural commodities, and dependence on imported … workers and the poor and created the conditions for the worker and popular mass struggles of the 1980s. The political …

… Stephen Black was the son of Henry and Sarah Black. He was born in September 1879 in Claremont, Cape Town and was brought up and educated under extremely poor … Zimbabwe), where he invested and lost his money in the gold-mining venture he called Helena’s Hope Ltd. He also …

… Tozama Matshikiza was the son of Samuel Bokwe Matshikiza and Grace Ngqoyi Matshikiza. They were a family of renowned musicians; his mother was a noted soprano, and his father played the organ in the Anglican Church. … met his future wife, Esme Sheila Mpama, a student social worker. They were married in 1950. Matshikiza taught for a …

… Inanda district, KwaZulu Natal . Indians, Coloured, Whites and Africans lived here in harmony although they had no tarred roads, public water supply and no electricity. The Gandhi home was a basic family … was to “bring about awareness among people”. As a social worker Ela worked with Indian children as well as African …

… she climbed the educational ladder to become a teacher and eventually an education official in the new democratic … in prison, following allegations of political activity and treason levelled by the Bophuthatswana government. … siblings, was the daughter of a labourer and a domestic worker. She was born in January 1939 in Polonia, a village …

… on a homemade guitar. He was exposed to all kinds of music and furthered his guitar talent on a borrowed instrument … For Sipho, this was his first introduction to jazz and its masters, like Wes Montgomery . He learnt to play bass … Hanmer, Mandla Masuku and Xoli Nkosi. The album received gold status, the first time he achieved this on his new …

… 1931-2, the formation of a Railway Workers' Union in 1936 and many subsequent campaigns. He was a veteran African Congressman, and he was over seventy years old at the time of the trial. …

… Soviet Union, where Anti-Semitism led to discrimination and persecution of the Jews at the start of the nineteenth … young age as she could relate to the racial discrimination and persecution of Black South Africans. Weinberg’s political activism started in 1930 at the Garment Worker Union, where she worked as a trade unionist. [2] It …

… to everyone.” Paul Grendon was a prolific photographer and artist that used his art as a medium to shed light on the … struggles of the time. His work will go on to leave a deep and impressionable mark not only on South African artists, … images of marches of dockworkers and unemployed-employed worker unity in struggles against the Labour Relations …

… Johannes Modise, or Joe, as he is known to family, friends and comrades, was born in Doornfontein, Johannesburg, on 23 May 1929. He was the only child of Miriam and Ezekiel Modise. Modise completed his Junior Certificate … Star of South Africa (non-Military), Class 1: Grand Cross (Gold). Years of hard work as a soldier and a politician took …

… taken away. As a result Kompe had to drop out of school and leave her family and move to Johannesburg to work. Kompe’s first job in Johannesburg was as a domestic worker in Hyde Park. She later worked in many different …

… the 'Rainbow Nation', a title that captures its diversity and 11 official languages. September is since 1994 officially heritage month, when the histories and cultural practices of all its peoples are celebrated and due recognition given to the men and women who have …

… H.J. (Kobie) Coetsee [South African Government, CODESA 1 and 2] Professor H.M. Coovadia [Transvaal and Natal Indian Congress, CODESA2] Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Michael Corbett [Judge, CODESA 1 and 2] MR R Cronje [Bophuthatswana Government, CODESA 2] DR … Participants in CODESA (1,2, Working Groups and Administration) …

… The birth of a new non-racial and non -sexist democracy in South Africa necessitated a … Orders. The previous system consisted of one Decoration and four Orders whose symbolic aesthetic was representative … Advisory Council on National Orders was given the task and responsibility to review the system of National Orders …

… sets of statistics. We are talking about people of flesh and blood, who laugh and cry, who love and hate, who enjoy being cuddled. We are talking about men … Photography and the Liberation Struggle in South Africa …

… were essential supports for Afrikaner nationalism, and from the 1870s onwards they were used to mobilise Afrikaners, and after 1914 to achieve political power. Writing about the press in the 20th century, Hachten and Giffard say: ‘The Afrikaner press was a creation of …

… South Africa's racial policy and the UNO South Africa and apartheid was placed on the agenda of the United Nations … apartheid was part of the internal affairs of the country, and for this reason fell beyond the scope of the United … South Africa and the United Nations, 1946-1990 …

… of the four largest banking conglomerates in South Africa, and one of the three biggest Afrikaner monopolies. It was … an economic force. Volkskas began as a cooperative bank and became a commercial bank in the 1940s which grew especially after the National Party came to power and patronised the bank. It began to diversify in the 1960s, …

… internationalisation of South Africa’s Apartheid policies and the growing division between black and white South Africans. The Liberation Struggle in South … of culture (art & literature) under a racially oppressive and authoritarian society. The debates ranged from the use of …

… Please note: This topic's content was written in 2003 and is part of the old curriculum content, we have modified … world experienced imperialism when they were taken over and ruled by a more powerful country. The main motive for imperialism was to obtain and control a supply of raw materials for industries. This …

… fought a battle for survival against Dingaan’s Zulu army, and were victorious. Later, the day was commemorated as part … make up the history of the Afrikaner nationalist project and, indeed, the construction of the Afrikaners as a social group and a ‘race’, which led to the apartheid regime. The article …

… ‘Not only is the Egyptian climate peculiar to that country, and the Nile different in the way it behaves from rivers elsewhere, but the manners and customs of the Egyptians themselves seem to be the … had the opportunity to develop differently from Europe and the East. Long periods of isolated growth without foreign …

… now known as Youth Day, has been remembered, commemorated, and memorialised as public history. There have been different ways and forms through which the June 16 1976 student uprisings … into a 1992 film featuring Leleti Khumalo, Mariam Makeba and Whoopi Goldberg as the leading actors. The new projects …

… of South Africa. The idea of a Freedom Charter was born, and the Congress of the People Campaign was initiated. During this campaign the ANC and its allies invited the whole of South Africa to record … document would be accepted at the Congress of the People and would become the Freedom Charter. Thousands of people …

… White Afrikaner oppressor. Indeed, Afrikaans has a violent and racist history of oppression during the eras of White Afrikaner nationalism and Apartheid. [1] Afrikaans is therefore generally … with White Afrikaans speakers (White Afrikaners) and perceived as a ‘White’ language. [2] The history of the …

… through legislation, resolutions, proclamations and ordinances played a key role in legitimizing systematic land dispossession and segregating South Africa. The Khoikhoi, San and Black Africans under the British and the Afrikaner … List of Laws on Land Dispossession and Segregation …

… Act , no. 25 of 1999, aimed to introduce an interactive and integrated system to manage and preserve national heritage resources. It also established … the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) and Council. The conservation of shipwrecks as a cultural …

… based on the idea of being Black began to organize and educate the Black people particularly the youth. The … Consciousness Movement (BCM) defiantly rejected apartheid and found resonance among black workers and the youth. In 1968 December South African Student …

… The text that follows is a brief summary of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. You can read far more detail … Perpetrators were put on trial in the city of Nuremburg and punished (see Nuremberg Trial on www.bbc.co.uk) . South … the way to heal the apartheid past was to hold a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Postamble means ‘attached to …