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… Economic and Political Programme for 1928 …

… Definitions: Capitalism, Communism, Marxism and Revolution …

… Documents, and articles relating to Durban …

… Colonial History and Development of Johannesburg …

… Johannesburg Mayors and other city officials …

… Theories and Practice Scientific Racism These ideas about race were … and Perth (which was called the Swan River). When gold was first discovered in Melbourne’s capital Victoria, … Britain, China and Ireland filled the region in search of gold. By the 1900s the British empires in Australia were …

… away in 1929. They had a son. Sontonga was a distinguished and productive poet and, on occasions, preached in his church. As a choirmaster … Nelson Mandela awarded the Order of Meritorious Service (Gold Category) posthumously to Sontonga for his service to …

… not occur in a vacuum, as we are part of a large continent and a much larger world. Therefore, what happens in the … is important to understand the international background, and what the world was like in the 1960s. This will help us … in Mississippi for the killing of a civil rights worker.  A former Klan preacher, Edgar Ray Killen who was …

… as the release of political prisoners in the early 90s and the country’s transition from repressive rule to … South Africa witnessed the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1995 which formed a crucial component of the transition to full and free democratic country. The TRC was established by the …

… Introduction King Ngqika and Prince Ndlambe led the Rharhabe people of the Amaxhosa in … Xhosa society for the purposes of acquiring land and making labourers out of the people. As such, the focus on … strategies that colonialists used beyond overt violence and force, gives us a closer reading of how the process of …

… of the urban culture that developed in Johannesburg and in Sophiatown in particular. It was here that the most … indigenous jazz took place. Early beginnings In the 1920s and 1930s the urban culture of the slumyards, centred in … living in the slumyards. It was centred on beer-brewing and shebeens. The marabi dance parties became centres of …

… important tool for facilitating economic growth and development in recently decolonised African economies.  … integration was viewed as imperative to address and restructure the skewed neo-colonial relationships and trading practices which had, in the past, maintained …

… The International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) was established by Canon L John Collins … solution to the problem of apartheid through raising and distributing funding to victims of apartheid laws, especially political prisoners and their families. It was in the trials of anti-apartheid …

… was becoming strong. In 1923 the National Party (NP) and Labour Party (LP) formed a pact to win the general … from British rule. This meant the creation of a new flag and recognition of Afrikaans as an official language. During this period of rapid and far reaching political change the Government experienced …

… This article deals with values and education in South Africa, and more specifically the proposed 'pledge'. Please read the article and send us your comments on this debate. We will be posting … Pledging to Debate History: Values and education …

… Assembly of the United Nations. The Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act ("Ghetto Act") had been enacted earlier in the month and the Indian community began a passive resistance campaign on 13 June under the leadership of Dr. Y.M. Dadoo and Dr. G.M. Naicker. Nearly 2,000 people courted …

… sexual orientation. It thereby guarantees equality for gay and lesbian people. Just as this section specifically mentions race and ethnicity in response to South Africa's past, sexual … orientation is included because of the injustices gay and lesbian people have suffered. Just 10 years ago sex …

… Many societies all over the world survived by hunting and gathering for most of the last 100 000 years. In southern … They used stone tools to cut up the animals they hunted and did not use iron. In the past 50 years these people's … have changed a great deal under the pressure of modern and foreign ways of living. Many have lost their way of life …

… Lenin Soon after his death, Lenin's body was embalmed and placed in Moscow's Red Square. His supporters, attempting … setting the scene for Stalin's campaigns of forced labour and mass murder. During the revolution, Lenin imprisoned and exiled his opponents, caused large-scale famine with his …

… (UNO) in 1948. It is the basis for human rights protection and promotion around the world. In the same year that the … the UDHR. The apartheid government did not sign the UDHR, and apartheid was later declared a Crime against Humanity by … skin colours. Laws were applied which benefited whites, and oppressed blacks. There was no common sense of national …

… Congress (ANC) between those with different ideological and theoretical views. One of these views was towards a more … than cause a confrontation, they decided to break away, and on 6 April 1959 the PAC was formed. They elected Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe as their first president and Potlako Leballo as secretary and decided to follow the …

… (1996) enshrines the supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law. Everyone in South Africa, including the government, and all laws are subject to and must follow the Constitution. The Constitution also … Human Rights and the South African Constitution …

… Please note that this section is detailed and we have broken it up into 3 pages: Use the page … provided renewed impetus for the resistance movements, and the 1980s was a decade which became a turning point in … the apartheid regime reached its height in the 1980s, and the government responded with extreme brutality and …

… Mandela and MK The late 1950s saw the first hints of an armed … in light of the African National Congress’ (ANC) ban and the imposition of a state of emergency. Among those who … were Mandela , Sisulu , Govan Mbeki , Mhlaba , Kotane and a number of other ANC and SACP members. Those attending …

… black artists were not allowed to further their education and attend formal learning facilities such as universities; … Although few black artists had this opportunity to study and further their education, many had no choice but to attend classes at art centres and art associations. The White Studio The White Studio was …

… The Boer Republics, and the Basotho kingdom (a case study) Moshoeshoe moves to Thaba Bosiu The 1820s and 1830s were a time of great upheaval. There were many wars … For example, the Tlokoa were driven from their villages and, in turn, attacked other settlements in the area. …

… of World Heritage Sites. The first represents cultural and the second natural heritage. Cultural sites Cultural … or technology, the planning of the town or city and the design of the landscape. It has to show evidence of a … stages in human history. A place where humans settled and used the land in a way that represents their culture can …

… The system of Black authorities and the reforms brought about in the agri­cultural sphere … there were the people of the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress, who rejected the system of … authorities because it aimed to re­store the tribal system and the power of the headmen, divided the Black popula­tion …

… in the 1980s. Female leaders such as Albertina Sisulu and Sister Bernard Ncube, along with working class women, … apartheid through protests like the 1988 miner strike and 1989 meeting with President George W.H. Bush. Keywords … existence, for departmental regulations require any rural worker who takes a job in a city to be a migrant laborer, …

… The Paper Wood and Allied Workers Union (PWAWU) was formed on 31 May 1974 in … Project (UTP). Benjy Mngoma was its first secretary and amongst its leading figures was Aninka Claassens. PWAWU organised workers in the paper and pulp, paper printing and packaging, wood, sawmill and …