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… League (ISL) was formed in September 1915. It was created by a progressive faction of the South African Labour Party … congress in 1916 the ISL adopted a petition put forward by Bunting that demanded political, economic and social … - the first trade union for Black workers in South Africa. By 1920 the IWA was absorbed into the Industrial and …

… white-owned shops, and sometimes excluded those owned by progressive whites and included those owned by black collaborators. Although the UDF supported consumer … riots and uprisings did take place. Organisation was led by the Metal and Allied Worker's Union (MAWU), rather than by …

… Reconciliation Commission. You can read far more detail by going to SAHO's TRC feature In an interview, Nelson … World War, there is no evil that has been as condemned by the entire world as Apartheid." - Source: Sunday … under certain conditions. Amnesty is the act of government by which pardon is granted to a large group of individuals. …

… attempted a political solution to the crisis it faced by creating the cosmetic Tricameral Parliament . This system … a turning point in South African history. Popular protest by masses of ordinary South Africans against the apartheid … erupted on many occasions, and the Government responded by declaring a State of Emergency that lasted for much of the …

… By late February 1973, the spread of the strikes was the most … (NIC), the head of the KwaZulu Territorial Authority led by Chief Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi, the Coloured Labour Party , … Leading members of the underground ANC structures, led by former political prisoners, principally Harry Gwala, also …

… White war. At least 15 000 Blacks were used as combatants by the British, especially as scouts to track down Boer … armed block house guards, but also in non-combatant roles by both British and Boer forces as wagon drivers, etc. They … they did not seek refuge in the camps, but were rounded up by the British forces and forced into the camps, which soon …

… Many living in  Pietpotgietersrus  died of malaria, and by April 1870 the town had to be abandoned. They returned in … Burgers sought to end the isolation of the Transvaal by developing relations with non-English colonial powers, and … the property of BJ Vorster and Gert Emmenis, was bought by the government on 29 January 1884, and land surveyor GR …

… to function in 1901, as he expected the war to be over by then. The police force would be divided into 4 divisions, … areas. These units were broken up in 1908 and replaced by the Transvaal and Orange River Police forces. With … of Southern Africa Vol. 8, Cape Town: Nasou, p. 632. By the end of 1911 the police force was being restructured …

… position was that the CP was seemingly gaining popularity by opposing any transition through a negotiated settlement. … would be disastrous for them. Recent CP victories in three by-elections had sent jitters through the ranks of the NP. In 1991 the CP won two seats in by-elections, giving the impression that the party stood a …

… for service were herded together in concentration camps by the British forces during Anglo-Boer War 2 (1899-1902). … who had surrendered voluntarily and their families by the institution of these camps. As the families of … 'concentration' camps. 20 December, A proclamation issued by Lord Kitchener states that all burghers surrendering …

… possible, and even immanent. The representation of the ANC by government and Afrikaner and other media since its banning … questioning the system. The liberal tradition, constituted by a range of groupings, had always had a critical view of … the idea. Nevertheless, Mbeki agreed to be interviewed by Beeld ’s deputy editor, Piet Muller. The five-hour …

… Native Affairs Act The ANC supports the militant strike by African mineworkers in 1920. The Black (Native) Affairs … is born in Bolotwe, Queenstown. Job reservation is created by the job colour bar becoming official. The 'Civilized … on the Reef and in Port Elizabeth 21 people are killed by the police. Dalidyebo, father of the Tembu Chief …

… economic order. 27 April, The national flag was designed by a former South African State Herald, Mr Fred Brownell, and … stations, President de Klerk approves a recommendation by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) to extend by one day polling in areas plagued by voting problems. These …

… Smuts's Pegging Act, the first South African Act passed by the United Party Government imposing spatial segregation … throughout the country. March 31 - 6,000 people led by Monty Naicker marched in protest against the Act following a mass meeting addressed by Indian, African and Coloured speakers. 1946 – Natal and …

… The period 1860-1923 is characterised firstly by the introduction of indentured Indian labourers into Natal … of the "passenger" Indians who came to trade, and secondly by the Gandhi resistance campaign and the formation of the … October that the first conference of the SAIC was opened by J.X. Merriman on 26 January 1919. In his opening address …

… The EOAN Group was founded by Helen Southern-Holt in 1933. EOAN Group was a social and … grew to have 15 branches throughout the Cape Peninsula by the mid 1980s. Between 1956 and the mid 1970s, EOAN featured an ameteur opera group that was conducted by well renowned musician Joseph Salvatore Manca. The opera …

… political voice of organised white labour in South Africa. By 1914 the party had succeeded in gaining the support of the … strike , known as the ‘July Strike’ as well as the strike by railwaymen in January 1914 led to the growth of the Labour … March 1914.  It also captured seats from the government in by-elections, and it was expected to make great strides in …

… return to South Africa on a Zambian Airways plane lent by Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda . 2 May, African National … United Kingdom, North America and Africa. His reception by heads of state, and hundreds of thousands of citizens of … The report is based on about 50 statements to lawyers by victims of police action in the farming towns of Ashton, …

… joined in declaring a political war on the black people by blocking their political expectations “ (Brits and … 1998: 36). Article 8 of the Treaty made voting rights by black people conditional on the consent of the white … South African Native Affairs Commission in 1903, headed by the Commissioner for Native Affairs, Sir Godfrey Lagden. …

… After a brief court appearance the men are freed and taken by the United National Independence Party (UNIP) to the … at Kongwa, 400 kilometers south of the capital, for use by MK. Hani is put in charge of setting up the camp. 1965 The … 2 August, Hani's contigent is named the Luthuli Detachment by Oliver Tambo in memorium of Albert Luthuli . They are sent …

… and Ian Bernhardt, the musical’s creative team was led by Harry Bloom,  best known for his book Episodes, Todd … become an international masterpiece. They would be joined by architect and painter Arthur Goldriech , which led to the … of many creative ideas. Later the creative team was joined by journalist  Pat Williams who took over the scriptwriting …

… home is successful in Johannesburg despite being opposed by the nationalist-minded Mandela and Tambo who object to the … June was observed annually as Freedom Day in South Africa by the congress movement 12 November,  JB Marks , a member of … from all the main anti-apartheid groups) is chaired by Moroka on the day that Seme is buried August, The Joint …

… at which his family was present. The explanation given by the Minister of Justice and Police, Jimmy Kruger, was that … and people close to Biko. The medical reports received by Minister Kruger were not made public. As Biko was the … of Biko. The two newspapers augmented earlier reports by pointing out that Biko was not the first person to die …

… called Inkatha: The resistance issue was complicated by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the Zulu nationalist … refused independence for Kwazulu which was offered to them by the National Party (NP) . But hostility between Inkatha … and assist skilled immigrants from England and Europe. By the mid-1980s, civil protests and the new laws that forced …

… Ozone Layer. 25 January, Extracts of a document written by Nelson Mandela in anticipation of a meeting with President … P.W. Botha in the beginning of 1989, is published by a Cape Town newspaper. February, The regime is forced to … The extreme right has reacted with anger to the reforms by Mr. de Klerk. One black was killed in the town of …

… liberation struggle. They were followed in the 1970s by leaders such as Steve Biko and Rick Turner, who inspired … Students from the University of Witwatersrand are joined by workers in protest. June 1976 © Rand Daily Mail This … resources during the 1930s, had not expressed their anger by striking and burning the premises”. During and after World …

… following list of twenty anti-Indian attitudes compiled by him, contains real as well as imaginary complaints: The … with 4 and 5 , above, may have brought about a reduction by some "five thousand of the White population"67 and, . . . "by means of his rabbit-like fertility, the Indian has …

… Lybon Mabasa and Ishmael Mkhabela. They were joined by Itumeleng Mosala, Nchaupe Mokoape, Mosibudi Mangena, Saths … conference, the party was launched owing to harassment by the government.  Several of the AZAPO’s leaders including … adopted the Black Consciousness philosophy advocated by Steven Biko and continued to propagate it in it programs. …

… The Boer Republics, however, were chiefly concerned by British attempts to annex their self-declared republics, a … put them at the mercy of capital and politics as dictated by England proper. A further concern was that the Boers were … denying the franchise to foreigners in the Boer republics, by their reasoning, was repayment for the treatment the Boers …

… Short of funds and poorly organised, it was overshadowed by the more dynamic Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU), founded in Cape Town in 1919. Established by Clements Kadalie , who was originally from Nyasaland (now … in 1925 the union moved its headquarters to Johannesburg. By this time, however, the ICU was torn by dissension between …