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… between small and large Afrikaner capitalists, but by the late 1960s the larger capitalists dominated the organisation. By the 1970s the majority of it members supported PW Botha’s … that would make business more efficient and profitable. By the early 1980s most members were reform-minded, opposed …

… school on the Isipingo plantation which was attended by both Natives and Indians. 1867 20 September, Lieutenant … school on the Isipingo plantation which was attended by both Natives and Indians. 1867 20 September, Lieutenant … was Mr Barker?s school at Umzinto which was also attended by Natives and Indians.  The school was an evening school. …

… where young people became aware of the problems faced by Black people and were organised to lead protests against … issues like good food, codes of conduct, and assault by teachers. This was however not the case. Students in … of White superiority and Black inferiority. A letter by a student in these early years indicates that students …

… underground members of the ANC and its military wing MK. By 1985 political violence sweeping across the country had … Crossroads between the youth under CAYCO and elements led by Johnson Ngxobongwana who was aided by apartheid security forces. In October the government …

… ANC and the PAC. Black leaders, who were not imprisoned by the state, fled into exile. A barrage of restrictive … that was to become a force in the 1970s. Influenced by the American Black Power movement, the likes of Malcolm X, and closer to home by Frantz Fanon, Kenneth Kaunda, Julius Nyere and Kwame …

… to streamline the running of the ANC. This he accomplished by introducing new communication lines, improving the … In 1944, the ANC Youth League (ANCYL) was formed by members of the ANC who wanted to follow a more active … which the ANC adopted officially in 1949, implemented by James Moroka and Sisulu. In 1943 the ANC had started …

… the War began most of the world’s governments were ruled by imperial monarchies such as Tsarist Russia, Imperial Germany and the Austria-Hungarian Empire. By the end of the War, revolutions in Germany, Austria and … rebelled against the suffering and deprivation imposed by the War. The First World War had a huge impact on the …

… practising artists, was greeted with much optimism, and by 1906 it was confidently described as a society "with no … or submitted work to SASA's annual exhibitions. However, by 1950, overtaken by rapid change, it came to be regarded as "sterile and …

… all people not classified as White)living in South Africa by controlling their movement, limiting their power to own … is an unfair division of land, because land was divided by history… we’ve pegged it down and that’s final.” – The … ‘belonged to’ (these identities were assigned to people by the apartheid government).Segregation existed long before …

… Inqaba ya basebenzi, published in London by the Marxist Workers' Tendency of the African National … of workers. Trade union action in the struggle for power by united workers is documented at length. Strikes by mineworkers, factory workers and transport workers are …

… As Africa was largely unexplored by Europeans for many centuries the maps that were created were by and large grossly inaccurate. They are still a fascinating … where he settled in 1529 and later died of the plague. By soliciting descriptions and maps from German scholars and …

… lineage, forms his own clan. 1822 Basutoland founded by King Moshoeshoe I, who unites various groups to repel … encroaching Europeans. 1851 British forces are defeated by the Sotho army at Kolonyama, and again the next year … series of wars with the Boers. 1868 Basutoland is annexed by the British, and becomes a British protectorate. 1869 The …

… The passive resistance campaigns led by MK Gandhi in South Africa had huge consequences not only … campaign of the 1960s). Gandhi himself was transformed by the struggles he waged: his first battles for the rights … of a small faction of one ethnic group Gandhi was forced by the logic of his ‘experiments with truth’ to become a …

… this period, the party attempted to reinvigorate itself by changing its name from the SANNC to the ANC, adopting a … to be racially segregated, separated from one another by open spaces and with separate access roads” (Christopher, … his speech Mahabane decried the position of the black man by stating that “The poor black man is...reduced to a …

… from exploitation and oppression. The split was caused by different political and ideological affiliations. … politics. The passing of the Suppression of Communism Act by the government in 1950 enabled the state to increase its … and SACTU’s responses Apart from racial intolerance by White trade unions, the government also passed repressive …

… dispensation began with the first election of 1910, led by the South African Native National Convention (SANNC) … the African National  Congress (A.N.C.) in 1923. Appeals by the SANNC to the British government were ignored and a new … as British “Imperial” interests, the election was won by the South African Party (SAP) led by Louis Botha. Botha …

… which becomes the first union of teachers established by Africans in South Africa. 1908 Makgatho establishes an … the Union of South Africa into being. He is revolted by Clause 35 (1) of the Act, which provides that henceforth … will remain on the common voters' roll until disfranchised by a two-thirds majority obtained at a joint session of the …

… The 1946 mine workers' strike was led by the African Mine Workers Union, whose president was … Party. Black workers were introduced to trade unionism by the early struggles of white British workers who had begun … a very representative miners' conference was called by the Transvaal Provincial Committee of the African National …

… Mozambican were thrown from a moving train in Johannesburg by a group of individuals returning from a rally organised by a group blaming foreigners for the levels of unemployment, … killed on the Cape Flats. Amongst those who were attacked by local South Africans were two Nigerians, one Kenyan, and …

… On 16 June 1976 between 3000 and 10 000 students mobilized by the South African Students Movement 's Action Committee supported by the BCM marched peacefully to demonstrate and protest … a rally in Orlando Stadium. On their pathway they were met by heavily armed police who fired teargas and later live …

… is democratic Property is privately owned Driven by free enterprise Wealth distributed unevenly Education and health care provided by private entities Freedom of the press Class distinctions: … System of government is totalitarian Property is owned by the state No free enterprise is allowed Wealth distributed …

… The legal basis for land restitution is provided by the 1993 Interim Constitution, section 25(7) of the 1996 … that the processing and finalisation of claimants improved by the end of year 2000. The Land Claims Commission and the … specialises in dealing with disputes that are not solved by the land claims commission and arise out of laws that …

… and British imperialism in South Africa, driven by economic and political ambitions, and the individual … rebuilding the country, in particular the mining industry. By the end of the 19th century, the indigenous peoples of … of thousands of Chinese to undercut any resistance by African mineworkers. Black, Coloured and Indian resentment …

… and released, but they are served with restriction orders by the Minister of Justice. As part of her banning order, … ANC, to the United Nations which condemns the announcement by the government of the United Kingdom that it would be … country's future political direction. The idea is rejected by John Vorster the Prime Minister but is supported as a …

… Youth League (ANCYL) was established on 2 April 1944, by Anton Lambede (who became the League’s first President), … Mda , Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo . They were joined by, Duma Nokwe, B Masekela, Ida Mtwa, Lillian Ngoyi, James … came to an end and the country was subsequently governed by the National Party.  The emergence and growth of the Youth …

… of diverse collaborations and performances once held by the annual Spier Summer Season, Infecting The City received funding for the project by Spier to create the festival with “a singular aim – to … permission to express ourselves in our human capacity by creating these spaces of interventions in public areas. …

… the scattered Sotho peoples who had been driven apart by Zulu and Ndebele raids, and for creating Lesotho, the … was in a strong position, the tribe was still attacked by various other groups, like Sekonyela and the Tlokwa. … As a result of erosion of the sandstone in the area by the lowland rivers, flat-topped and freestanding mountains …

… Introduction The South Africa Act passed by the British Parliament in 1909 combined the self-governing … were offered collaborator candidates who were chosen by the white South African government. The elections in the … held concurrently. All the elections are conducted by the Independent Electoral Commission  of South Africa, an …

… areas in the country. The Indian community resisted by organising Satyagraha, the first since Gandhi's Satyagraha … immediately on the heels of the 1949 Riots, manipulated by the whites to divide Indians and Africans who had begun to … depressed shack settlement and one of the worst hit areas by the 1949 Riots. It worked assiduously to heal the rift …