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… as 'co-conspirators'. Amongst those released were African National Congress (ANC) President Chief Albert Luthuli; African National Congress Secretary General Oliver Tambo; Yetta Barrentbatt, general secretary of the South African Congress of Democrats and I C Meer and Debi Singh, …

… functioned under the umbrella organization, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) . However, in the 1930s -1940s … under the umbrella organization, the SAIC (South African Indian Congress) which it helped form along with the … leaders like Yusuf Dadoo, who believed that the South African Indian Congress could only advance in their struggle …

… 16 December 1959  - At the annual  African National Congress  (ANC) conference, Chief  Albert … these things they must learn their lesson the hard way.” African students loyal to the ANC established the African Students’ Association (ASA). Pan Africanist Congress …

… of a railway, but eventually decides in favour of using African labour. 22 January, The Immigration Trust Board is … at Indians, Law No. 3 of 1885 , is passed in the South African Republic (Transvaal). This law shall apply to the … apply: a. They cannot obtain burgher rights of the South African Republic (Transvaal). b. They cannot be owners of …

… completed an exciting online collaboration with South African History Online (SAHO). Over the course of two months, … their work. The student essays formed part of their South African history course, and now also forms part of a SAHO’s …

… in reaction to the ANC Defiance Campaign. The South West African question was also on the agenda annually as from 1946. Initially the South African government responded to comments on its policy by … measures to bring about racial harmony. The South African government instead reacted with banning the ANC and …

… By the 1900s African people had been dispossessed of their land and … 1900 A fifth of the total land area in the South African Republic (ZAR) is owned by land companies or absentee … that would report on ‘native affairs’ in the four South African provinces that were to be incorporated into the Union …

… Summit of the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in Addis Ababa takes place. - FEBRUARY - … of Energy (DoE), Earthlife Africa (ELA) and the Southern African Faith Communities’ Environment Institute (Safcei) … Khulubuse Zuma is among the approximately 1700 South African citizens named in the data leak. - 5th: Zuma survives …

… of civic and residents’ organisations both in coloured and African areas across the Western Cape.  In 1981 Nyanga, Langa … which came together under an umbrella body of various African civic organisations known as the WCCA in 1982. The WCCA represented civic organisations from African townships and squatter settlements. Factionalism and …

… of several SADF forces and a clash between the South African government and Cuban forces.   15 January 1975       … of 15 provincial capitals. 5 August 1975             South African troops invade southern Angola with armoured vehicles …                        Cuba assists in driving back South African-UNITA military forces, capturing Huambo and driving …

… is defaced and painted with colors of the old South African flag used by the Apartheid government. 2015 26 March, … bottom part of the statue of Loius Botha, the first South African Prime Minister is defaced with red paint. 9 April, … of Marthinus Pretorius, the first president of the South African Republic is defaced as red paint is thrown on it. 12 …

… 1976 uprisings and their aftermath, ex-Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) members in the Western Cape began … rent boycotts and also defended children against the South African Defence Force or police brutality. In 1986, the … began a process of re-establishing the Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW). In addition to this, the women of …

… to Africanist News and Views, was to galvanise the African people into a revolutionary force with a clearly defined political philosophy of an African Government for the Africans by the Africans. …

… incident becomes known as the Silverton Siege . June, The African National Congress (ANC) publicly broke ties with Zulu … and education. Zimbabwe became independent. The South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) declared 1980 as the … to the Release Mandela campaign. 13 March, The South African Council of Churches (SACC) comes out in support of …

… the Huddleston Jazz Band. By 1956, Masekela joined the African Jazz Revue that was organized by a British entrepreneur named Alfred Herbert as an African Jazz and Variety show in South Africa’s Johannesburg … joined The Manhattan Brothers, the most popular South African singing group at the time with members including …

… Frontline as publications that were part of the South African liberation movement but independent of any political … South Africa and also reprinted news articles from South African newspapers written by black journalists, such as Joe … Margaret Shakespeare and Charlie van Gelderen, a South African who had been in London since the 1940s and who was a …

… of states are standard features in sub-Saharan. [ix] The African continent has been observed as possessing special … and political instability and corruption faced by numerous African states. All these factors play devastating roles in … [xxxi] This statement reveals the harsh realities faced by African states in their long battle against poverty, and the …

… industry, mining. This task first fell to the South African Party that prevailed in the Union’s first general … Some of these socialist parties merged to form the South African Labour Party in January, 1910. Led by Frederic … to be halted and the state should fund Asiatic emigration. African mineworkers were beginning to realise their …

… was followed by Dr. Yusuf Dadoo, Chairperson of the South African Indian Congress and Chairperson of the underground South African Communist Party. Both were tasked with mobilizing … support for the PAC. International sympathy lay with the African people, leading to an economic slump as international …

… Abstract : Mtutuzeli Dudu Pukwana was a South African jazz pianist and alto saxophonist from Port … of his career developing his mixed sound of roots South African and European free jazz. His sound emitted a message … freedom songs became an instrument for change for the African American community, helping propagate their message …

… Chief Luthuli . Sisulu was anxious to emphasise Indo-African unity and was ‘dismayed by the attitudes he encountered in his discussions with African National Congress (ANC) branches in Natal. ” Some … Mill) in 1956/57, several hundred were replaced with African labour; an agreement to settle the strike introduced …

… William's Town. Photograph by Drum Photographer © Baileys African History Archive. The 1976 Soweto riots ushered in an … of new recruits were being trained in camps in sympathetic African countries and elsewhere in Eastern Bloc countries … Africa, whilst challenging the military might of the South African regime at the same time. By 1980 armed actions were …

… William's Town. Photograph by Drum Photographer © Baileys African History Archive. The 1976 Soweto riots ushered in an … of new recruits were being trained in camps in sympathetic African countries and elsewhere in Eastern Bloc countries … Africa, whilst challenging the military might of the South African regime at the same time. By 1980 armed actions were …

… in her book, The Black Sash: The Story of the South African Women's Defense of the Constitution League, that the … or unwilling to participate in the fight for the rights of African citizens in South Africa. This can be due to many … factors; one includes the women’s lack of education on African issues. Many of the Black, Indian, and Coloured …

… The Empire of Mali was one of the largest empires in West African History, and at its height, it spanned from the … territory, rendering it one of the largest Empires in West African history  [xlii] . The famous Mansa Musa It was in … Sunjata: Three Mandinke Versions. School of Oriental and African Studies University of London. Male Street, London. …

… when the other black led political forces such as the African National Congress were moribund. 1881 December, The … at a De Beers Mine resulting in the death of 178 African and 24 white mineworkers. A commission tasked with … Town. 1901 After the Anglo-Boer War (now called the South African War), Chinese labourers are brought to South Africa. …

…  [Accessed: 9 January 2015]. Online links South African History Online, (2014), “Constructing heritage and heritage resources” from South African History Online [online] Available at  …  [Accessed: 7 January 2015]. South African History Online, (2005), “Defining Culture, Heritage …

… a joint project between the Department of Education, South African History Online and the South African History Archive (SAHA). SAHA is assisting with the … It will not necessarily be all black, but it will be African.” Chief Albert Luthuli: Let My People Go, 1962 Nkosi …

… for Life And Times Of Michael K, about a young South African man trying to shield his mother from the country's … racist and colonial prejudices in Afrikaans and South African English literature 1990 Publishes Age of Iron 1992 … 1999 Publishes Disgrace, which is set on a remote South African farm, and unpacks conflict on personal and political …