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… between racially oppressed groups and sympathetic whites. As a united front against apartheid, the non-racial Congress … carried out on such a massive scale or was sustained over as many years. No other campaign struck at the very root of … of their resistance. Perhaps the single most significant factor contributing to their hardship was the deterioration …

… American Educational Component in African Responses to Colonialism in South Africa," Journal of Southern African … However, the council was hamstrung from the outset. As its ineffectiveness became clear, it attracted strong … especially Youth Leaguers, who viewed the council as a talk shop and a means to control African opposition. …

… struggle. They were followed in the 1970s by leaders such as Steve Biko and Rick Turner, who inspired the thousands of … struggle. The rise of youth to political leadership came as a result of education. Many young people received an … , the unavailability of schools became a serious problem as a result of the increasing urbanisation of African youth. …

… Sea (Lower Egypt). The ancient Greek s saw Egypt as a gift of the Nile. Egypt's existence was made possible by … soil. Egyptians always lived close to the Nile as it was an abundant water source providing protection … into a special room or tomb inside huge structures such as the pyramids.. Kings and nobles were the only people who …

… issues since South Africa achieved democracy in 1994 and as such an overview of what has been achieved since the … who had been dispossessed of land after 19 June 1913 as a result of racially discriminatory laws or practices the … alternative forms of equitable redress to claimants such as compensation of claimants at below market prices. The …

… who had already gained quite a reputation in his region as a lay preacher and as an independent evangelist, has a vision while hunting … the end of the world will take place on Christmas Day. As a result the Israelites stop working and ploughing of …

… Background What is today referred to as the “Ancient Olympic Games”, was a sports festival … in honour of the Greek god Zeus in the town of Olympia. As far as could be established by modern archaeologist this festival …

… of AIDS is ‘irrefutable’. HIV was isolated and identified as the source of what came to be defined as AIDS in 1983/84. HIV destroys blood cells called CD4+ T … Epidemic) around 5.7 million South Africans were estimated as having HIV or Aids, including 300 000 children under the …

… in a multicultural and plural society like South Africa as it caused political conflict and cultural dominance by one … race groups to live in separate designated zones. As a result, the effect of the recommendations was limited … proposed by the Theron commission, which were now gazetted as the Constitutional Bills. On the 08 May 1980 the select …

… known artist. The organisation consisted of artists such as Patrick Holo , Sydney Holo, Michael Barry , Rashid Lombard … and cultural events in publicly accessible  spaces such as libraries and community halls. During this time, Vakalisa …

… has ever since played a significant role in campaigns such as the call for the release of Theresa Ramashamola, one of … sees national oppression and sexual oppression as two sides of the same coin and is committed to fighting …

… of Race Relations (SAIRR) was established in 1929 as an organization geared towards conducting research on race … authorities. In 1936 published a monthly newsletter known as the Race Relations news until 1991 when it changed its …

… land from the Johannesburg Municipality to develop as a residential area. 1912 Sophiatown has the first of its … grows, attracting other racial groups, mainly Africans as residents. Coloureds and Indians are still a minority at … 1921-1930 Sophiatown’s population grows exponentially as compared to growth in the other adjacent freehold …

… inquiry into Rajbansi’s affairs. The report described him as ‘a mean-minded bully who uses ruthless tactics to deal … fired from the Cabinet, the Ministers’ Council and removed as leader of the HoD in December 1988. While both the HoR and … the application by an Indian person to be reclassified as ‘Coloured’. When Hendrickse led a group of Coloured …

… diamonds and gold, British Imperialism had no doubt as to who should possess them. For were they not the … were "in pawn" to the Standard Bank of England, which, as the historian, Walker, expresses it, "carried the … in Southern Africa. At the same time it reflects another factor, on which we have already commented, that at this …

… The Mau Mau uprising began in 1952 as a reaction to inequalities and injustices in … colonial presence in Kenya began in the late 19th Century, as part of a trend of seizure of territory across the African continent by European nations that became known as the Scramble for Africa. The region today known as Kenya …

… been surprised not to see a good attendance of branches as I know how seriously the African is looking at the period … made under the 1936 Land Act. I do not think that we as the African National Congress are satisfied with the … three European members of Parliament representing Africans as part of the United Party on national issues, for they are …

… and less often through more passive means such as working slowly, poisoning food or drink and breaking … and war taking place in other slaveholding societies such as the Americas and the Caribbean. News surrounding the … group planned to march from the rural districts and gather as many slaves and farm labourers as possible on their way …

… agricultural enterprise. Using poor Whites or “bywoners” as caretakers on the land, these absentee landlords appeared … to share the harvest equally with the bywoners. But as time went on the “bywoners” demanded a larger share of the … Depression South Africa’s manufacturing sector took off. As the sector expanded so did the pace of mechanisation in …

… in 1966, SWAPO turned to armed struggle. SWAPO emerged as the sole liberation movement in the early 1960s because it … fire with SWAPO forces. This date is generally regarded as the start of what became known in South Africa as the Border War. Initially SWAPO suffered heavy losses …

… value. It could also be divided into small units and used as coins. Eventually, gold coins became the standard form of … it becomes. Governments can fix the price for a time. But as gold becomes more and more difficult to produce, the price … and even deeper. This type of mining became known as deep-level mining. Prospectors found that they needed …

… As the 1950s gave way to the 1960s the  African National … and in April 1960 the ANC and newly-formed PAC were banned as lawful political parties. Both organisations were driven … Some went into exile and worked for the ANC, such as Ruth Mompati , for example, who became secretary of the …

… to white workers. Indians established a position as poorly paid semi-skilled and unskilled industrial … states that the conference must acknowledge repatriation as fundamental to the discussions. 16 June, The Union … segregation, the Areas Reservation Bill defines Indians as aliens and recommends the limitation of the Indian …

… the notorious Concentration Camp Policy. 22 September, As result of a military notice on this date, the first two … and their families by the institution of these camps. As the families of combatant burghers were also driven into … for military services, also Blacks living on Boer farms, as this will be "the most effective method of limiting the …

… it came not in the form of civil society activism, but as a state in alliance with provisional governments and … Jonas Savimbi of UNITA and/or Roberto Holden of the FNLA as the leaders of Angola. Seeing Agostinho Neto’s MPLA as a communist movement that would alter the geopolitical …

… the Indian Community had no alternative but to face it as it had done in the crises of the Class Areas Bill in 1924 … suggested adopting the name the Natal Indian Association as a solution. [13] Subsequently, Kajee made three proposals … and Rules of the Congress, with such additions as the representatives of the Colonial Born and Settlers’ …

… of these factors that created what was perceived as a prolonged period of political quiescence in the history … the apartheid’s security agencies. Key installations such as electricity sub stations and railway lines marked many of … was the General Laws Amendment Act No 76 of 1962 . Known as the Sabotage Act it created the offense of sabotage by …

… integral to maintaining diasporic ii identities””such as religious festivals, marriage, caste ( jati ), language, … in Dominance,” in Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism (Paris: UNESCO, 1980), 342. during two research … African and Indian workers for employment.10 But neither factor adequately explains the depth of Natal’s racial …

… and Training, the journal contains refereed articles as well as exhibition and book reviews. Published initially by the … for SAAAH members. While Cultural History is now regarded as a dynamic discipline, in apartheid South Africa it tended …

…  (PAC) was formed. They elected Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe as their first chairman and Potlako Leballo as secretary and decided to follow the route of the Programme … There was a lot of competition between the ANC and the PAC as they both wanted support from the same group of people. In …