Historical Overview of Black Resistance, 1932-1952 - The Congress of the People and Freedom Charter Campaign by Ismail Vadi, New Delhi, 1995
… population. The Fagan Commission (1948) found that in the Ciskei Reserve, 30 per cent of families were landless, and … late 1940s an ANC presence of sorts was established in the Ciskei and in Rustenburg, Pietersburg and Sekhukhuneland, … for many years.... The Northern Cape, the Transkei and Ciskei, the Transvaal and OPS countryside were hardly …