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… the first state president of the South African Republic of 1961. Their function was to stiffen their party’s caucus when … be imperative for winning political power and entrenching racial segregation. This unity would not be the “broad”, … of “reform” was interrupted by the economic and political crisis of the early 1930s during which droves of Afrikaners …

… by closing the drifts. [79]   In addition to the Drift crisis , the Kruger government had been putting pressure on … Bruce Berry, “Governors-General of South Africa (1910 – 1961), Crwflags, (Uploaded: 2017), (Accessed: 9 November … as an all-white parliament focused on enforcing repressive racial laws to solve the poor white problem caused by the …

… to events.”7 He believed the country was approaching “a crisis- situation, an emergency”, where there was no time for … with the black male defendants at the back of the truck. Racial segregation was in this instance more important than … The Minister of Justice told parliament in February 1961 that “4 769 Africans, two whites and two members of …

… was repealed (Bendix 1989: 305). 1980 Republic of South African Constitution Fifth Amendment Act No 101: … fact-finding tour of South Africa to investigate racial discrimination in sport and to report on its findings. … of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. OAU crisis over dispute concerning admission of Sahrawi Arab …

… on the development of Black Consciousness among South African Black activists. 1955 26 June, The Congress of … Congress Alliance reasserts and emphasises ‘White-imposed racial division’ by organising itself along racial and ethnic … comes into force. Cosas is banned. The Soweto Parents Crisis Committee (SPCC) is formed to address the education …

… the historical moment in which resistance photography in South Africa came into existence. The basis for what is commonly agreed to be a literary crisis following World War Two, can also be the foundation … which Ranjith Kally photographed for Drum in 1957. [56] Racial mixing was a trope often employed by documentary …

… The emergence of South Africa's democracy in the 1990s The crisis of apartheid … artisans and apprentices to service modern industry. Racial colour bars meant that skilled labour was reserved for … In summary: Factors resulting in the crisis …

… UDF The United Democratic Front  (UDF) was a non-racial alliance of about 400 national, regional and local … Congress (ANC) in exile. The End Conscription Campaign The South African Defense Force (SADF) claimed to be 'the … linked to a broader movement called the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC) which was formed in 1986. The NECC …

… International feminism was a catalyst for South African feminist organisation to address violence … which were pivotal to her subsequent involvement in rape crisis services (Russell, 1989). In 1977, following their … permitted to only provide services to people of the same racial group).2 Even so, rape and domestic violence services …

… The HIV/AIDS Crisis Emerges: Reponses of the Apartheid Government In 1982, the first case of AIDS in South Africa was reported in a homosexual man who contracted … have included that HIV/AIDS was heavily politicized along racial lines in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has thus been …

… May annually. The first recorded celebration of May Day in South Africa is reported by Ray Alexander to have taken place … , which was the first campaign pursued jointly by all racial groups under the leadership of the  African National … organisations, significantly the National Education Crisis Committee (NECC) and the  United Democratic Front …

… President F.W. de Klerk toward the country's first non-racial elections. The first plenary session of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA I) began on December 21 1991, at the … and infrastructure, and an economy that had been in crisis for nearly two decades. In 1994, the Reconstruction …

… People's Organisation (AZAPO) , the Labour Party , the South African Council of Churches (SACC) and the Natal Indian … with Azapo dominating the proceedings, and identifying racial capitalism as the real enemy. The participants had … and the Rand plummeted, kicking off a sustained financial crisis in South Africa. Despite the emergency and state …

… national oppression and economic exploitation of the black South African masses, he was able in his own unassuming … amidst the poverty-stricken and starving victims of racial oppression and class exploitation. The focus of his … which continuously plunges headlong into an ever-deepening crisis. At this moment when the regime seeks to divide our …

… marks the beginning of the rise of apartheid. Although South Africa was already a very segregated country, apartheid … it also allowed police to snoop on people’s private lives. Racial division was the future goal, which made it very … nail was delivered by Proclamation no 104 of 20 October 1961, which declared Lady Selbourne a White area. Resistance …

… ESKOM’s past. This is especially important in 2022 where South Africa has had the most hours of load shedding on … to power challenges amid a looming global environmental crisis.   Early Electrification in South Africa The mineral … supply and resembled a type of regulated or Keynesian racial capitalism. [19] It was hoped that ESCOM would be able …

… in the colony. 1658 17 April, The first formal school in South Africa is opened by the Dutch East India Company. It is … to investigate the possibility of establishing multi-racial universities. The Commission recommends that the … is murdered, allegedly by police. 1986 National Education Crisis Committee (NECC) is formed at a national conference …

… ultimately led to the colonisation and occupation of South Africa by the Dutch. British settlers arriving in 1820 … of the twentieth century Mandela was not yet born, but the racial discrimination which he fought against nearly all his … but was ignored. Instead of addressing the constitutional crisis, in the following year the  South African Act  was …

… The Congress of South African Students (COSAS) was established in June 1979 … the drawing up of an educational charter for a future, non-racial democratic education system. Its view was that a … across the country and resulted in the National Education Crisis Committee being formed in 1986. Eventually COSAS was …

… developed strategies to influence public opinion within South Africa with the view to rebuilding its clandestine … ‘Relly came because he was sensitive to the depth of the crisis and needed the ANC to get out of it.’ The next major … formulate a Programme of Action based on demands for non-racial local government, mount a national rent strike, demand …

… through her involvement in the ANC. She continued to serve South Africa during the post-apartheid era, as well as in … other person of colour. However, Maharaj was made aware of racial discrimination because she and one of her brother’s … were difficult for Maharaj, as she suffered an identity crisis. Being born to parents of different religions and …

… ICU declined and ceased to be the dominant force in the South African political landscape.      1930 Africans are … to that he hopes that a possibility exists for inter-racial cooperation. Charlotte Maxeke also gives a speech … of the AAC expresses his view in a pamphlet entitled The Crisis . He argues that Parliament and White South Africans …

… in multilingual and multinational settings on South African mines [writers spell this pidgin as either … of educated Blacks associate Fanakalo with ‘domination and racial bigotry.’ It ‘is resented as a language that creates … ↵ [75] L. Ivens Ferraz, “Fanakalo: A Pidgin Caught in a Crisis,” York Papers in Linguistics, no. II (1984): 107. ↵ …

… ban on the ANC, the Pan African Congress (PAC), the South African Communist Party (SACP) and other anti-apartheid … from F.W. de Klerk, stating that in this period of serious crisis in South Africa, there are very few matters in which … Olympic Games opening ceremony in Barcelona, where a multi-racial South African team was participating for the first …

… and politics of exclusion in the early 20th century South Africa, and elsewhere in the African context and also … They committed themselves to the vision that all oppressed racial groups must work together to achieve anything. … created military groups to develop out of this refugee crisis who began to mount guerrilla attacks on Israeli …

… Namibia became a German colony in 1884, and was called South West Africa. The Germans had arrived in Namibia as part … of the Aborigine’s failure to adapt to change. Debates on racial suicide and racial decay Ill-treatment of the … Party) would bring economic change in Germany's economic crisis. The Nazis were Fascists, they believed in law, …

… 9 July, The Executive of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) meets in Durban and … that he hopes that a possibility exists for inter-racial cooperation. Prixley Isaka Seme, the founding father … (AAC) expresses his view in an article published in The Crisis. He argues that Parliament and White South Africans …

… sex among gay men. The first official case of AIDS in South Africa is reported. A South African man contracted the … trust in South Africa. It is used to break down racial, cultural, language and educational taboos and … affected by AIDS, was suffering from a severe economic crisis made worse by droughts and the government's …

… bus fares and education. Zimbabwe became independent. The South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) declared 1980 … Zambia to meet Oliver Tambo in the wake of the financial crisis. Minister of Justice, Kobie Coetsee , paid an … with us in the struggle for a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa...” ( Shubin, 2008: 237). 26 December, …

… 1994 27 April,South Africa's interim constitution which was adopted in … first time during the 1994 elections. 27 April, first, non-racial, democratic elections held in South Africa. However … over the constitution itself and the growing financial crisis resulting from the collapse of the Rand. 30 June, the …