Two strategic acts of sabotage, supposedly by the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK ), against the oil-from-coal plants based in Secunda failed to successfully hit their target. Though the African National Congress (ANC) military wing, (MK), did not claim responsibility for these acts, the South African Defence Force argued that it was the ANC who had planned and executed the sabotage attempts. Furthermore, the South African government blamed the Zimbabwean government for allowing MK to use Zimbabwe as a base to launch these attacks. The Zimbabwean government denied any responsibility and claimed that the acts were carried out from elsewhere.